scholarly journals Solid charged-core model of ball lightning

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Muldrew
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Layer ◽  
Ball Lightning ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
The Core ◽  
Electron Layer ◽  
Thin Electron ◽  
Em Field ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract. In this study, ball lightning (BL) is assumed to have a solid, positively-charged core. According to this underlying assumption, the core is surrounded by a thin electron layer with a charge nearly equal in magnitude to that of the core. A vacuum exists between the core and the electron layer containing an intense electromagnetic (EM) field which is reflected and guided by the electron layer. The microwave EM field applies a ponderomotive force (radiation pressure) to the electrons preventing them from falling into the core. The energetic electrons ionize the air next to the electron layer forming a neutral plasma layer. The electric-field distributions and their associated frequencies in the ball are determined by applying boundary conditions to a differential equation given by Stratton (1941). It is then shown that the electron and plasma layers are sufficiently thick and dense to completely trap and guide the EM field. This model of BL is exceptional in that it can explain all or nearly all of the peculiar characteristics of BL. The ES energy associated with the core charge can be extremely large which can explain the observations that occasionally BL contains enormous energy. The mass of the core prevents the BL from rising like a helium-filled balloon – a problem with most plasma and burning-gas models. The positively charged core keeps the negatively charged electron layer from diffusing away, i.e. it holds the ball together; other models do not have a mechanism to do this. The high electrical charges on the core and in the electron layer explains why some people have been electrocuted by BL. Experiments indicate that BL radiates microwaves upon exploding and this is consistent with the model. The fact that this novel model of BL can explain these and other observations is strong evidence that the model should be taken seriously.

scholarly journals Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Karel Šindelka ◽  
Zuzana Limpouchová ◽  
Karel Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Dissipative Particle Dynamics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Computer Study ◽  
Interpolyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
The Core ◽  
Porphyrin Derivatives ◽  
Oppositely Charged ◽  
Positively Charged

Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10−B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE− blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.

First (3 + 2)-dimensional superspace approach to the structure of levyclaudite-(Sb), a member of the cylindrite-type minerals

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Evain ◽  
Vaclav Petricek ◽  
Yves Moëlo ◽  
Colette Maurel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Minimization ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Layer Compound ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Density Modulation ◽  
Wavelength Control ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Positively Charged

The structure of synthetic levyclaudite-(Sb), approximately (Pb1 − y Sb y S)1.357[Sn1 − x (Cu2) x S2], has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction on the basis of the (3 + 2)-dimensional superspace approach. This misfit-layer compound, of the cylindrite type, results from the combination of two heavily modulated triclinic Q and H subsystems with a common q wavevector and only one shared reciprocal axis (stacking direction). The Q pseudo-tetragonal layer, ∼(Pb0.70Sb0.30S), derived from the NaCl archetype, is positively charged; the H pseudo-hexagonal layer, ∼(Sn0.85Cu0.30S2), derived from the CdI2 archetype, is negatively charged, owing to the replacement of Sn4+ in an octahedral coordination by Cu+ pairs in an opposite triangular coordination. The analysis shows a strong transverse displacive modulation of the two layers, referred to as a `mondulation', correlated to a maximal Sb site occupation factor in the concavity of the Q layer undulation. The wavelength control of the `mondulation' obeys the vernier principle (14cQ ≅ 13cH ), which would correspond to an energy minimization through a charge transfer density modulation wave, common to all two-dimensional misfit-layer inorganic compounds.

scholarly journals The Electrostatic Basis of Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate—Protein Interaction

Cells ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Zachary Graber ◽  
Desmond Owusu Kwarteng ◽  
Shannon M. Lange ◽  
Yannis Koukanas ◽  
Hady Khalifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Protein Interaction ◽  
Anionic Phospholipid ◽  
Tryptophan Residues ◽  
Switch Mechanism ◽  
31P Mas Nmr ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Ionic Binding ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Positively Charged

Diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) is an anionic phospholipid formed in plants, yeast, and parasites under multiple stress stimuli. It is synthesized by the phosphorylation action of phosphatidic acid (PA) kinase on phosphatidic acid, a signaling lipid with multifunctional properties. PA functions in the membrane through the interaction of its negatively charged phosphomonoester headgroup with positively charged proteins and ions. DGPP, like PA, can interact electrostatically via the electrostatic-hydrogen bond switch mechanism but differs from PA in its overall charge and shape. The formation of DGPP from PA alters the physicochemical properties as well as the structural dynamics of the membrane. This potentially impacts the molecular and ionic binding of cationic proteins and ions with the DGPP enriched membrane. However, the results of these important interactions in the stress response and in DGPP’s overall intracellular function is unknown. Here, using 31P MAS NMR, we analyze the effect of the interaction of low DGPP concentrations in model membranes with the peptides KALP23 and WALP23, which are flanked by positively charged Lysine and neutral Tryptophan residues, respectively. Our results show a significant effect of KALP23 on the charge of DGPP as compared to WALP23. There was, however, no significant effect on the charge of the phosphomonoester of DGPP due to the interaction with positively charged lipids, dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and dioleoyl ethyl-phosphatidylcholine (EtPC). Divalent calcium and magnesium cations induce deprotonation of the DGPP headgroup but showed no noticeable differences on DGPP’s charge. Our results lead to a novel model for DGPP—protein interaction.

A Numerical Model for Studying the Effect of Plasma Layer on the Process of Blood Oxygenation in the Pulmonary Capillaries

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maithili Sharan ◽  
M. P. Singh ◽  
A. Aminataei
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Plasma Layer ◽  
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Facilitated Diffusion ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pulmonary Capillaries ◽  
Diffusion Convection

A two layer model for the blood oxygenation in pulmonary capillaries is proposed. The model consists of a core of erythrocytes surrounded by a symmetrically placed plasma layer. The governing equations in the core describe the free molecular diffusion, convection, and facilitated diffusion due to the presence of haemoglobin. The corresponding equations in the plasma layer are based on the free molecular diffusion and the convective effect of the blood. According to the axial train model for the blood flow proposed by Whitmore (1967), the core will move with a uniform velocity whereas flow in the plasma layer will be fully developed. The resulting system of nonlinear partial differential equations is solved numerically. A fixed point iterative technique is used to deal with the nonlinearities. The distance traversed by the blood before getting fully oxygenated is computed. It is shown that the concentration of O2 increases continuously along the length of the capillary for a given ratio of core radius to capillary radius. It is found that the rate of oxygenation increases as the core to capillary ratio decreases. The equilibration length increases with a heterogeneous model in comparison to that in a homogeneous model. The effect of capillary diameters and core radii on the rate of oxygenation has also been examined.

Reviews of the Literature

1955 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
The Core ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Central Bond ◽  
Definition Of

This book is meant as an overview of the rapidly increasing literature on "those social roles which arise from the classification of men by the work they do." The core of his problem, Professor Caplow states, is the interplay of such factors as "the availability of natural resources, political ideologies, and the legal structure … with the more or less predictable consequences of the division of labor" (e.g. size, specialization, and rationalization). His underlying assumption, he says, is Durkheim's: occupation is the central bond of solidarity in modern urban society. Neither the formal definition of task nor the underlying assumption are pursued systematically—and, in fact, occupational groupings are later seen as subordinate to "more fundamental affiliations based on kinship, locality, religion, property, and status." (p. 182).

Covariant Electrodynamics in Vacuum

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-748
Author(s):  
H. E. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Charged Particle ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Light Propagation ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Galilean Relativity ◽  
Ether Frame ◽  
Em Field ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract The generalized Galilei covariant Maxwell equations and their EM field transformations are applied to the vacuum electrodynamics of a charged particle moving with an arbitrary velocity v in an inertial frame with EM carrier (ether) of velocity w. In accordance with the Galilean relativity principle, all velocities have absolute meaning (relative to the ether frame with isotropic light propagation), and the relative velocity of two bodies is defined by the linear relation uG = v1 - v2. It is shown that the electric equipotential surfaces of a charged particle are compressed in the direction parallel to its relative velocity v - w (mechanism for physical length contraction of bodies). The magnetic field H(r, t) excited in the ether by a charge e moving uniformly with velocity v is related to its electric field E(r, t) by the equation H=ε0(v - w)xE/[ 1 +w • (t>- w)/c20], which shows that (i) a magnetic field is excited only if the charge moves relative to the ether, and (ii) the magnetic field is weak if v - w is not comparable to the velocity of light c0 . It is remarkable that a charged particle can excite EM shock waves in the ether if |i> - w\ > c0. This condition is realizable for anti-parallel charge and ether velocities if |v-w| > c0- | w|, i.e., even if |v| is subluminal. The possibility of this Cerenkov effect in the ether is discussed for terrestrial and galactic situations

A novel missense mutation in the FGB gene (p.Gly302Arg) leading to afibrinogenemia

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 02) ◽  
pp. S34-S37 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rühl ◽  
G. Detarsio ◽  
A. Biswas ◽  
S. Gupta ◽  
M. Davoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Missense Mutation ◽  
In Silico ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beta Chain ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Function ◽  
Flanking Regions ◽  
Positively Charged

SummaryAfibrinogenemia represents the rarest form of fibrinogen deficiency. Causative missense mutations occur rarely and may improve the understanding of fibrinogen structure and function. Patients and methods: The propositus was a 26-year-old Argentinian with afibrinogenemia. FGA, FGB and FGG exons and flanking regions were screened by sequencing and the mutant protein was analyzed in silico. Results: A novel missense mutation in the FGB gene (Bbeta Gly272Arg, p.Gly302Arg) was identified. In silico analysis revealed its location in a highly conserved region, which preserves the core fold of the C-terminal beta-chain and is important for proper secretion. A substitution by a positively charged large Arg residue in this area would most likely disturb the core fold by additional interactions with adjacent residues (p.Asp291, p.Asp297, p.Asp311), or by forming of non-native interactions with other proteins, thereby hindering the action of molecular chaperones. Both alternatives would disturb the regular secretion of the beta-chain. Conclusions: The novel mis-sense mutation in the FGB gene causes afibrinogenemia most probably by affecting the secretion of the fibrinogen beta-chain.

Individual Context

2014 ◽  
pp. 158-176
Keyword(s):  
Individual Choice ◽  
Pursuit Of Happiness ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Women In It ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Innate Interest

The core principle derived from evaluation of the data is that the number of women in IT (or any career) is not a matter of the balance of societal forces, which we can push one way or another with the right lever. It comes down to the individual and her pursuit of happiness through her own values. This puts the individual at the core of the STEMcell Model. The influencing factors of philosophy, values, rights, assumptions, strength, self belief, interests, differences, ability, curiosity, creativity, and reality are explored in this chapter in that context. The centrality of individual choice does not mean there is nothing we can do about remaining barriers, but it does mean that empowering the individual (especially through the disruptive technologies of #SocialIT) and accepting their choices is the solution. The answer to collectivist prejudices about “women” is not collectivist actions that accept the same underlying assumption, but is instead recognising that the only differences that matter are individual ones. Contrary to beliefs that the low proportion of women in IT should be viewed through a gender or culture lens, the results and analyses in this book indicate that not only is innate interest the main driver of an IT career, but most women with that interest are perfectly capable of discovering it themselves. And that is why no single “solution” has been found, and why a wide variety of interventions have had no significant impact—because there is no generic solution to finding out “what women want”—individually.

Positively Charged Alpha-Chains Can Stimulate K-Cl Cotransport in Transgenic Mouse Red Cells.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 2326-2326
Author(s):  
Jose R. Romero ◽  
Sandra M. Suzuka ◽  
Raouf Alami ◽  
Steven N. Feiring ◽  
Eric E. Bouhassira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Average Charge ◽  
C57bl Mouse ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Α Chain ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Measured Volume ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract Transgenic mice were generated with human α-chain anti-sickling mutations at contact sites for the HbS polymer. Some of these mice were found to have elevated K-Cl cotransport. Elevation of K-Cl cotransport in patients with homozygous HbS or SC disease increases red cell MCHC and contributes to pathology. In contrast to C57Bl mouse red cells (mRBC) and mRBC expressing only HbA that have little volume-stimulated K-Cl cotransport, we previously reported that HbC under all conditions, and HbS + γ, in the absence of mouse globins, are able to stimulate the activity of K-Cl cotransport in mRBC. These observations support the contention that HbS and HbC stimulate K-Cl cotransport activity in both mouse and human red cells and may do so via the positive charge on the human β-chain. We report here that positively charged α-chains also stimulate K-Cl cotransport in mRBC. Mice expressing α-chain mutants were generated: α49 (HbSavaria, α49S→R, +1 positive charge vs human α) with no human β-globin; α49 and βS; α49 and NY1 (that expresses human α and βS); α49–114, that expresses both α49 and α114 (HbChiapas α114P→R, +2 positive charge vs human α) with no human β-globin; α49–114 and βS; α20 (HbLeLamentin, α20 H→Q, -1 negative charge vs human α) and βS; and α20–114 (that has no average charge difference from human α) with no human β-globin. Mice were bred with α- and β-KO mice and mice expressing the NY1 transgene to produce mice expressing various levels of mutant α, human α, βS, and mouse globins. Density gradients detected increased red cell density relative to wild type mice (C57Bl) in mice expressing α-globins with a positive charge relative to human α. To isolate the effect of charged α-globin, we first examined mice with only mutated α-globins and no βS. We previously measured volume-stimulated K-Cl cotransport in C57Bl and HbAKO mice (that only express HbA) as 2.0±0.9 and 2.4±1.7 mmol/L cells x hr (FU) respectively. We found a similar value (2.4±1.1 FU) in mRBC expressing either 32% or 100% α20–114 with no βS (no charge difference from human α). mRBC expressing α49 at 44 or 100% with no βS had an average value of 12.9±3.3 FU; similarly, mRBC expressing 48% α114-49 with no βS averaged 9.4±1.2 FU. The volume-stimulated K-Cl cotransport was both chloride and okadaic acid sensitive. These results demonstrate that positively charged α-chains stimulate K-Cl cotransport while mutant α-chains without a charge difference do not. We have also examined mRBC expressing α49 or α49–114 with βS or NY1 and found that all mice exhibited increased K-Cl cotransport with the exception of mRBC from founder α49–114βS mice that express 31% mutant α and 9% βS. We conclude that a positive charge in excess of that found on human α can stimulate K-Cl cotransport and result in increased MCHC. In the presence of βS, this effect results in mouse red cells with properties similar to human SC disease and prevents the birth of mice that are fully knocked out, due to polymer formation, despite the presence of anti-sickling mutations. In constrast, mice with α20βS (−1 vs human α) were viable with exclusively human globins. These observations could only have been made by creating mouse models and imply that charge must also be considered when anti-sickling globins are proposed.

Glomerular permselectivity: barrier function based on discrimination of molecular size and charge

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. F455-F460 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Brenner ◽  
T. H. Hostetter ◽  
H. D. Humes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Size ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Molecular Charge ◽  
Foot Process ◽  
Charged Macromolecules ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Urinary Space ◽  
Positively Charged

The formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate is dependent on the interplay of glomerular pressures and flows as well as the intrinsic permselectivity properties of the glomerular capillary wall. These intrinsic permeability properties serve to exclude macromolecules from the urinary space, based on size as well as net molecular charge discrimination. Neutral dextrans with molecular radii less than 20 A cross the glomerular wall without measurable restriction, whereas dextrans with radii greater than 42 A are almost completely barred. For any given size, negatively charged macromolecules are restricted to a greater extent than neutral molecules. Additionally, positively charged molecules are enhanced in their ability to cross the glomerular wall compared to similarly sized neutral polymers. The concept of a charge barrier, due to fixed negative charges within the glomerular wall, is also supported by morphological studies. Glomerular injury, leading to proteinuria, has been associated with loss of the charge-selective properties of these capillaries. Loss of glomerular fixed negative charges may also result in the foot process fusion and mesangial cell dysfunction often observed in proteinuric states.

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