scholarly journals The longest homogeneous series of grape harvest dates, Beaune 1354–2018, and its significance for the understanding of past and present climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1485-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Labbé ◽  
Christian Pfister ◽  
Stefan Brönnimann ◽  
Daniel Rousseau ◽  
Jörg Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Series ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Atmospheric Blocking ◽  
Central European ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Early Harvest ◽  
July Temperature

Abstract. Records of grape harvest dates (GHDs) are the oldest and the longest continuous phenological data in Europe. However, many available series, including the well-known (Dijon) Burgundy series, are error prone because scholars so far have uncritically drawn the data from 19th century publications instead of going back to the archives. The GHDs from the famous vine region of Beaune (Burgundy) were entirely drawn from the archives and critically cross-checked with narrative evidence. In order to reconstruct temperature, the series was calibrated against the long Paris temperature series comprising the 360 years from 1659 to 2018. The 664-year-long Beaune series from 1354 to 2018 is also significantly correlated with tree-ring and documentary proxy evidence as well as with the central European temperature series (from 1500). The series is clearly subdivided into two parts. From 1354 to 1987 grapes were on average picked from 28 September on, whereby during the last 31-year-long period of rapid warming from 1988 to 2018 harvests began 13 d earlier. Early harvest dates are shown to be accompanied by high pressure over western–central Europe and atmospheric blocking over Denmark. The 33 extremely early harvests comprising the fifth percentile bracket of GHDs are unevenly distributed over time; 21 of them occurred between 1393 and 1719, while this is the case for just 5 years between 1720 and 2002. Since the hot summer of 2003, 8 out of 16 spring–summer periods were outstanding according to the statistics of the last 664 years, no less than 5 among them within the last 8 years. In the Paris temperature measurements since 1659, April-to-July temperature reached the highest value ever in 2018. In sum, the 664-year-long Beaune GHD series demonstrates that outstanding hot and dry years in the past were outliers, while they have become the norm since the transition to rapid warming in 1988.

scholarly journals The longest homogeneous series of grape harvest dates, Beaune 1354–2018, and its significance for the understanding of past and present climate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Labbé ◽  
Christian Pfister ◽  
Stefan Brönnimann ◽  
Daniel Rousseau ◽  
Jörg Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Central European ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
July Temperature ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Records of grape harvest dates (GHD) are the oldest and the longest continuous phenological data in Europe. However, many available series including the well-known (Dijon) Burgundy series are error prone, because scholars so far uncritically drew the data from nineteenth century publications instead of going back to the archives. The GHD from the famous vine region of Beaune (Burgundy) were entirely drawn from the archives, critically cross checked with narrative evidence and calibrated with the long Paris temperature series comprising the 360 years from 1659 to 2018. The 664-year-long Beaune series from 1354 to 2018 is also significantly correlated with tree-ring and documentary proxy evidence as well as with the Central European temperature series (from 1500). The series is clearly subdivided into two parts. From 1354 to 1987 grapes were on average picked from 28 September on, whereby during the last 31 year long period of rapid Global Warming from 1988 to 2018 harvests began 13 days earlier. In the Paris temperature measurements since 1659, April-to-July temperature reached the highest value ever in 2018. The 33 extremely warm events comprising the 5 % percentile bracket of GHD are unevenly distributed over time. 21 of them occurred between 1393 and 1719, whereby this is the case for just five years between 1720 and 2002. Since the hot summer 2003 8 out of 16 spring-summer periods were outstanding according the statistic of the last 664 years, no less than 5 among them within the last 8 years. In sum, the 664-year-long Beaune GHD series demonstrates that outstanding hot and dry years in the past were outliers, whereby they became the norm since the transition to rapid Global Warming in 1988.

scholarly journals April–August temperatures in the Czech Lands, 1499–2015, reconstructed from grape-harvest dates

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1421-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Možný ◽  
Rudolf Brázdil ◽  
Petr Dobrovolný ◽  
Miroslav Trnka
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Czech Lands

Abstract. Viticulture has long been essential to the commercial and social well-being of parts of the Czech Lands (now the Czech Republic), and detailed records have been kept for centuries of the timing and relative success of the grape crop. Using such documentary data from the Bohemian wine-growing region (mainly northwest of the capital, Prague), series of grape-harvest dates (GHDs) were created for the 1499–2015 period. Because the link between harvest dates and temperatures is strong, GHD series, together with instrumental mean temperature series starting in 1801, were used to reconstruct mean April–August temperatures for the region from 1499 to 2015. Linear regression (LR) and variance scaling (VS) methods were used for calibration and compared in terms of explained variance and their ability to capture extreme values. It emerged that LR does not significantly underestimate temperature variability. However, VS shows far greater capacity to capture extremes. GHDs explain 64 % of temperature variability over the full calibration period. The 1986–2015 period was identified as the warmest 30-year period of the past 514 years, an observation consistent with recent global warming. The highest April–August temperatures appeared in a reconstruction for the year 1540, which was warmer than the next two very warm, and far more recent, seasons in 2003 and 2015. The coldest period occurred at the beginning of the 20th century (1900–1929). The series reconstructed for the Czech Lands is in close agreement with other (central) European reconstructions based on other proxies. The series created here makes an important contribution to a better understanding of long-term spatiotemporal temperature variability in central Europe.

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings & Buildings Built with Industrialized Technology: The Case of Hungary

2016 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 469-476
Author(s):  
Attila Talamon ◽  
Viktória Sugár ◽  
Ferenc Pusztai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Structure ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Zero Energy Buildings

There is an urgent need nowadays to reduce current levels of GHGs emissions. On the other hand the EU countries are largely dependent on energy imports and are vulnerable to disruption in energy supply which may in turn threaten the functioning of their current economic structure. The EU imported 54% of its energy sources in 2006 and this value was projected to increase even further by 2030. Reducing its import dependency is one of the EU’s main goals of the 20-20 by 2020 target – this legislative package is believed to reduce the expected imports of energy by 26% compared to the development before the 20-20 initiative.One of the most important environmental problems is the energy consumption of the buildings. Current paper shows that buildings built with industrialized technology can deliver large energy and GHG emission reductions at low costs.Only 1-2% part of the building stock is exchanged every year, so it is very important to increase the energy efficiency of the existing buildings, too.Present paper focuses on the buildings built with industrialized technology only, and their potential in nearly zero-energy buildings sector. Up till now the Central European support schemes concentrated most financial resources on buildings built with prefabricated technology. Present paper explains the past and present of the “panel” problem in Hungary with a short outlook to some other countries.

First wolves in Luxembourg since 1893, originating from the Alpine and Central European populations

Mammalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Schley ◽  
Marianne Jacobs ◽  
Sebastian Collet ◽  
Alexander Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Herr
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Apex Predator ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hard Evidence

Abstract Considering the spread of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe over the past 30 years, Luxembourg took some measures to prepare for the return of this apex predator, including the establishment of a management plan that notably addresses the issue of wolf depredation on livestock. Here we present the results of genetic analyses of putative wolf saliva, hair and scat samples collected from or near prey carcasses between 2015 and 2020. In two cases, the wolf was confirmed via DNA analysis: in July 2017 near Garnich and in April 2020 near Niederanven, both assigned to category C1 (hard evidence). A third case was classified as C2 (confirmed observation) based on prey carcass characteristics, while genetic analysis yielded no result. These are the first confirmed records of wolves in Luxemburg since 1893. Moreover, the two C1-cases originated from the Alpine (Garnich) and Central European (Niederanven) populations. Given similar developments in the neighboring countries and regions, we conclude that the area including the Benelux countries as well as Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Northern France may well become a melting pot for wolves of the two aforementioned populations in the coming years and decades.

scholarly journals Changes in the strength and width of the Hadley Circulation since 1871

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1169-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Song ◽  
Y. Hu ◽  
X. Ren
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Hadley Circulation ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Greenhouse Warming ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Period Oscillation

Abstract. Recent studies demonstrate that the Hadley Circulation has intensified and expanded for the past three decades, which has important implications for subtropical societies and may lead to profound changes in global climate. However, the robustness of this intensification and expansion that should be considered when interpreting long-term changes of the Hadley Circulation is still a matter of debate. It also remains largely unknown how the Hadley Circulation has evolved over longer periods. Here, we present long-term variability of the Hadley Circulation using the 20th Century Reanalysis. It shows a slight strengthening and widening of the Hadley Circulation since the late 1970s, which is not inconsistent with recent assessments. However, over centennial timescales (1871–2008), the Hadley Circulation shows a tendency towards a more intense and narrower state. More importantly, the width of the Hadley Circulation might have not yet completed a life-cycle since 1871. The strength and width of the Hadley Circulation during the late 19th to early 20th century show strong natural variability, exceeding variability that coincides with global warming in recent decades. These findings raise the question of whether the recent change in the Hadley Circulation is primarily attributed to greenhouse warming or to a long-period oscillation of the Hadley Circulation – substantially longer than that observed in previous studies.

scholarly journals Effect of fungus Heterobasidion Annosum (FR) bref. on fir and spruce dying in the region of the NP "Durmitor" and "Biogradska gora"

2002 ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milosav Andjelic
Keyword(s):  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Abiotic Factor ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

Several adverse factors of abiotic and biotic nature affect the vitality and decline of spruce and fir in the region of NP "Durmitor" and NP "Biogradska Gora". The most significant adverse abiotic factor is air pollution. Among the adverse biotic factors, the most significant is by all means the parasitic fungus Heterobasidion annosum. The damage caused by this fungus is especially severe in spruce and fir stands in the region of the NP "Durmitor". The infection intensity is approximately the same in both species. The damage caused by H. annosum is greater in the forests of NP "Durmitor", than in the forests of NP "Biogradska Gora". This can be explained by the fact that spruce and fir stands on Durmitor were felled without maintaining the forest order. In the virgin forest reserve NP "Biogradska Gora" in the past there were no fellings, i.e. the impact of anthropogenic factors was excluded. Fungus H. annosum cannot be eliminated form spruce and fir stands on Durmitor, but the treatment of stumps (immediately after the sanitation felling) with "Penofil" or "Borax" can check the velocity of its spread. In this way, the forest is given an opportunity to form more resistant populations through a long period by natural selection .

scholarly journals Need to Change Exam Preparation Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Subhash Madankar
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Exam Preparation ◽  
The World ◽  
Examination Methods ◽  
Preparation Strategy ◽  
Expected Outcomes ◽  
The Way

All over the world, there are different students who acquired the different ways of preparation.  Every professional graduator having different mindsets or approach towards the examination. Due to this, some student will get good outcomes in minimum time and some will not get expected outcomes even when they were tried a lot. The examination methods have a large impact on how and when student study and what they learn. The examination should not only be used as a control that a student is qualified, but also as an educational tool to influence the learning process. Over a long period of time, students were thinking that exam would the way where we will express our knowledge. But according to some student will be not. Now a day, a number of students adopted different way of learning and attempting the examination. And getting good marks in an exam will not be an issue. Today, the world is practical oriented. They demand not only the base of knowledge but a group of knowledge along with skills. Also, the way of learning is different than the past decade. Now we have to change our mindset regarding exam and way which will be adopting for it.

scholarly journals APPLICABILITY OF THE VERTICAL TELESCOPIC BREAKWATER USING THE PAST TYPHOON IN TOKYO BAY

2020 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Yako Harada ◽  
Yukihisa Matsumoto ◽  
Kazuho Morishita ◽  
Nobuyuki Oonishi ◽  
Kazuyoshi Kihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past

The vertical telescopic breakwater(VTB), which is a new breakwater that permits the navigation of ships, remain at the bottom of the sea during calm and rise to the surface during tsunamis or storm surges. Kawai et al. (2017) and Arikawa et al. (2019) found that it is effective not only for swell waves, but also for long-period waves simulating tsunamis and storm surges by previous experiments and numerical analyses. However, there have been few studies on the performance of VTB by numerical calculations in actual ports using actual typhoons. In addition, sea levels and changes in characteristics of typhoon due to climate change are predicted to occur; hence, we are concerned about the damage in all quarters caused by storm surge inundation, especially at Tokyo. Therefore, in this study, we used hypothetical typhoons under worst-case scenarios and quantitatively evaluated the protection performance of VTB against hypothetical typhoons with different aperture rates of VTB in Tokyo Bay by the numerical simulation.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/qof5ixKqIiA

scholarly journals 'Critical Study Of Konkan Territory Of Maharashtra State w.s.r. To The Concept Of Desha ln Ayurveda'

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Pranali A. Nagdeve ◽  
Dr. Ravi k. Golghate
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Food Treatment ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
The Past

Background- Desha Pariksha (examination) has been mentioned in the Charaka Samhita (cha.vi.8/84) which is considered as the oldest and the most authentic treatise of Ayurveda. Ayurveda has described three types of Desha viz. Jangl , Anup and Sadharan. Desha also known as Bhumi refers to the natural  inhabitant of an individual. Desha is one of the factors which have to be assessed in ascertaining the Hetu (etiological factors) and also in deciding the treatment. Climate, diseases, food, treatment and so many factors may vary according to desh (habitat). An attempt has been made to critically analyse the konkan region of the state Maharashtra considering present climate conditions and geography in comparison to the concept of Ayurvedic desha description.  Methods- Authentic government web portals of this region have been visited to know the present climatic situations. Various research papers were also reviewed to discern the territory from other parts of the state.  Conclusion- After scrutinizing the facts over the past few years; it has been found that most of the regions of konkan fall under excess rainfall terrain. Flora and fauna is similar to that of wetland. The Konkan region of the Maharashtra State can be compared with Anup desha in Ayurveda.

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