Vegetation-Climate-Water coupling in a changing environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Using Data

<div> <p>The directionality of the response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to climate has been shown to vary across the globe. This effect has been hypothesized to be the result of the interaction between multiple bioclimatic factors, including environmental energy (i.e. temperature and radiation) and water availability. This is due to the tight coupling between water and carbon cycling in plants and the fact that temperature often drives plant water demand. Using GPP data extracted from 188 sites of FLUXNET2015 and observation-driven terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), we disentangled the confounding effects of temperature, precipitation and carbon dioxide on GPP, and examined their long-term effects on productivity across the globe. Based on the FLUXNET2015 data, we observed a decline in the positive effect of temperature on GPP, while the positive effects of precipitation and CO<sub>2</sub> were becoming stronger during 2000–2014. Using data derived from TBMs between 1980 and 2010 we found similar effects globally. The modeled data allowed us to investigate these effects more thoroughly over space and time. In arid regions, the modeled response to precipitation increased since 1950, approximately 30 years earlier than in humid regions. We further observed the negative effects of summer temperature on GPP in arid regions, suggesting greater aridity stress on productivity under global warming. Our results imply that aridity stress, triggered by rising temperatures, has reduced the positive influence of temperature on GPP, while increased precipitation and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> may alleviate negative aridity impacts.</p> </div>

scholarly journals Do Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed Affect Participants’ Well-Being? A Rigorous Look at (Un-)Intended Consequences of Labor Market Policies

2020 ◽  
pp. 0193841X2092723
Author(s):  
Marco Caliendo ◽  
Stefan Tübbicke
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Unemployed

Background: The literature on start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed finds positive effects on objective outcome measures such as employment or income. However, little is known about effects on subjective well-being of participants. Knowledge about this is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Objective: We study the long-term effects of SUS on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes—such as employment and income—and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. Research design: Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pretreatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We perform several sensitivity analyses to inspect the robustness of our findings. Results: We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Supplementary findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups, and skill levels. Estimates are highly robust.

scholarly journals Aplinkosauginių mokesčių reformų efektai

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-489
Author(s):  
Vida Čiulevičienė ◽  
Artur J. Kożuch
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Development Goals

The object of this research is to identify the effects of environmental tax reforms conducted in the European Union states and to show the potential benefits to Lithuania. Our research shows that environmental tax reforms raised both positive and negative effects. It is worth mentioning that these effects are more positive than negative. The majority of these effects depends on the type of tax reform. Reform effects occur within the "double dividend", by shifting the tax burden, improving the environmental situation and seeking sustainable development goals. Positive effects are revealed in long-term period. However, the short term effects remain negative. The implementation of environmental tax reform in Lithuania could be achieved by significant increase in tax revenues, which would have positive influence on the state, people, business and environment.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

scholarly journals Long-Term Development of Urban Agriculture: Resilience and Sustainability of Farmers Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4316
Author(s):  
Shingo Yoshida ◽  
Hironori Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban People

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has forced global food systems to face unprecedented uncertain shocks even in terms of human health. Urban agriculture is expected to be more resilient because of its short supply chain for urban people and diversified farming activities. However, the short-and long-term effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban farms remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the conditions for farm resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the relationship between short-term farm resilience and long-term farm development using data from a survey of 74 farms located in Tokyo. The results are as follows. First, more than half of the sample farms increased their farm sales during this period. This resilience can be called the “persistence” approach. Second, short-term farm resilience and other sustainable farm activities contributed to improving farmers’ intentions for long-term farm development and farmland preservation. Third, the most important resilience attributes were the direct marketing, entrepreneurship, and social networks of farmers. We discussed the necessity of building farmers’ transformative capabilities for a more resilient urban farming system. These results imply that support to enhance the short-term resilience of urban farms is worth more than the short-term profit of the farms.

Do researchers impact their study populations? Assessing the effect of field procedures in a long term population monitoring of sea kraits

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fauvel ◽  
François Brischoux ◽  
Marine Jeanne Briand ◽  
Xavier Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Head Morphology

Long term population monitoring is essential to ecological studies; however, field procedures may disturb individuals. Assessing this topic is important in worldwide declining taxa such as reptiles. Previous studies focussed on animal welfare issues and examined short-term effects (e.g. increase of stress hormones due to handling). Long-term effects with possible consequences at the population level remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of widely used field procedures (e.g. handling, marking, forced regurgitation) both on short-term (hormonal stress response) and on long-term (changes in body condition, survival) scales in two intensively monitored populations of sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) in New Caledonia. Focusing on the most intensively monitored sites, from 2002 to 2012, we gathered approximately 11 200 captures/recaptures on 4500 individuals. Each snake was individually marked (scale clipping + branding) and subjected to various measurements (e.g. body size, head morphology, palpation). In addition, a subsample of more than 500 snakes was forced to regurgitate their prey for dietary analyses. Handling caused a significant stress hormonal response, however we found no detrimental long-term effect on body condition. Forced regurgitation did not cause any significant effect on both body condition one year later and survival. These results suggest that the strong short-term stress provoked by field procedures did not translate into negative effects on the population. Although similar analyses are required to test the validity of our conclusions in other species, our results suggest distinguishing welfare and population issues to evaluate the potential impact of population surveys.

Relationship Between Environmental Temperature and Yields of Subarctic and Temperate Zone Fish Species

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1829-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Schlesinger ◽  
Henry A. Regier
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
Fish Yields

Fishes inhabiting subarctic and temperate zone lakes exhibit distinct optimal growth temperatures and temperature preferenda. However, within regional data sets, attempts to correlate fish yields with temperature variables have generally been unsuccessful. In our study, curvilinear relationships between "long-term mean annual air temperature" (TEMP) and sustained yields of three species were fitted using data from 23 intensively fished lakes in Canada and the northern United States. Optimum TEMP values for sustained yield were approximately −1.0, 1.5, and 2 °C, respectively, for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), northern pike (Esox lucius), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum). These differences suggest that the influence of temperature on sustained fish yields from subarctic and temperate zone lakes may, in the past, have been underestimated.

Low Mortality of Larval Lampreys from Electrofishing, Suction-pumping, Anesthesia, and Handling

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C. Jolley ◽  
Christina T. Uh ◽  
Gregory S. Silver ◽  
Timothy A. Whitesel
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Pacific Lamprey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Delayed Mortality

Abstract Native lamprey populations are declining worldwide. In the Pacific Northwest focus on conservation and management of these ecologically and culturally important species has increased. Concern has emerged regarding the effects of sampling and handling of lamprey, with little to no attention given to the larval lifestage. We monitored the survival of larval Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp. after backpack electrofishing, deepwater electrofishing and suction-pumping, anesthesia, and handling. We performed survival trials on wild-caught lamprey (n = 15 larvae in each trial) collected from the Clackamas River drainage in Oregon, USA, coupled with control group trials from lamprey sourced from a hatchery (n = 10 larvae). Short-term (96 h) survival was >98% with only one observed mortality. Delayed mortality (1 wk) was observed for four individuals that had fungus; two of those were positive for the bacteria Aeromonas hyrdrophila. We recorded blood hematocrit as a secondary measure of stress. The baseline, nonstressed larvae hematocrit levels did not differ from those of fish that had undergone stress through electrofishing, suction-pumping, and handling without anesthesia. Electrofishing, suction-pumping, and anesthesia showed no short-term negative effects on larval lamprey although potential long-term effects remain unstudied. These techniques appear to provide efficient and relatively safe methods for collecting and surveying larval lamprey.

scholarly journals Long Term Risks to Neonatal Health from Exposure to War—9 Years Long Survey of Reproductive Health and Contamination by Weapon-Delivered Heavy Metals in Gaza, Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Manduca ◽  
Nabil Al Baraquni ◽  
Stefano Parodi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

Introduction: High levels of environmental contaminants with long term effects and teratogenic and carcinogenic potential, such as heavy metals, were introduced by weaponry in war areas in the last decades. Poorer reproductive health and increases in non-communicable diseases were reported after wars and are the suspected long term effects of contamination by stable war remnants. Although potentially affecting millions of people, this is still an understudied issue of public health. Background: Gaza, Palestine since 2006 has been an object of repeated severe military attacks that left heavy metals remnants in the environment, in wound tissues and that were assumed by the population. Retrospective studies showed a progressive increase in birth defects since the 2006 attacks. In 2011 we started surveillance at birth alongside analysis of the heavy metals load carried by pregnant women and their babies. Methods: We used protocols for birth registration which also document the extent of exposures to attacks, war remnants and to other environmental risks that allow comparison of 3 data sets—2011, 2016 and 2018–2019 (4000–6000 women in each set). By ICP/MS analysis we determined the content of 23 metals in mothers’ hair. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed. Results: Comparison of data in birth registers showed a major increase in the prevalence in birth defects and preterm babies between 2011 and 2016, respectively from 1.1 to 1.8% and from 1.1 to 7.9%, values remaining stable in 2019. Negative outcomes at birth in 2016 up to 2019 were associated with exposure of the mothers to the attacks in 2014 and/or to hot spots of heavy metals contamination. Metal loads since the attacks in 2014 were consistently high until 2018–2019 for barium, arsenic, cobalt, cadmium, chrome, vanadium and uranium, pointing to these metals as potential inducers for the increased prevalence of negative health outcomes at birth since 2016. Conclusions: Bodily accumulation of metals following exposure whilst residing in attacked buildings predispose women to negative birth outcomes. We do not know if the metals act in synergy. Trial for mitigation of the documented negative effects of high metal load on reproductive health, and ensuing perinatal deaths, could now be done in Gaza, based on this documentary record. High load of heavy metals may explain recent increases in non-communicable diseases and cancers at all ages in Gaza. Modern war’s legacy of diseases and deaths extends in time to populations and demands monitoring.

scholarly journals Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Penttilä ◽  
Erika Jääskeläinen ◽  
Noora Hirvonen ◽  
Matti Isohanni ◽  
Jouko Miettunen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Duration Of Untreated Psychosis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis

BackgroundDuration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is one of the few potentially modifiable predictors of outcomes of schizophrenia. Long DUP as a predictor of poor short-term outcome has been addressed in previous meta-analyses, but the long-term effects of DUP remain unclear.AimsTo analyse the associations between DUP and long-term outcomes of schizophrenia.MethodA systematic literature search was performed using seven electronic databases and manual searches. Random effects weighted meta-analysis with correlation coefficients was used to pool the results.ResultsWe identified 3493 unique publications, from which 33 samples met our predefined selection criteria. Long DUP correlated statistically significantly with poor general symptomatic outcome, more severe positive and negative symptoms, lesser likelihood of remission and poor social functioning and global outcome (correlations 0.13–0.18). Long DUP was not associated with employment, quality of life or hospital treatment.ConclusionsThe small but mostly consistent correlation between long DUP and poor outcome indicates that early intervention in psychosis may have at least subtle positive effects on the long-term course of illness.

scholarly journals Long-Term Economic Simulation: Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Examples from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP)

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Treiman ◽  
John Dwyer ◽  
David Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Much of the software and many of the algorithms commonly used to simulate forest growth and harvesting activities have been optimized for short-term projections based primarily on larger-sized trees and are focused on even-aged silvicultural systems. Using data on trees 1.5 in. dbh and larger from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we have adapted the widely available Landscape Management System (LMS) and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) software to make long-term simulations using even and uneven-aged silvicultural management systems. MOFEP is designed to test the long-term effects of even-aged, uneven-aged, and no harvest treatments on a variety of ecosystem attributes. To simulate the economic outcomes of these three treatments, we have written new LMS algorithms that simulate the effects of uneven-aged harvesting. Our results show that in the Missouri Ozarks even-aged and uneven-aged management silvicultural systems yield long-term (100 years) economic outcomes that are not statistically different. This result reinforces the need for land managers or landowners to consider esthetics, nontraditional forest products, and other nonmarket values in their decision matrix. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):42– 47.

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