InterFrost Project Phase 2: Updated experiment results for the validation of Cryohydrogeological codes (Frozen Inclusion)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Grenier ◽  
Francois Costard
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Implementation Phase

<p>Recent field and modelling studies indicate that a fully-coupled, multi-dimensional, thermo-hydraulic (TH) approach is required to accurately model the evolution of permafrost-impacted landscapes and groundwater systems. However, the relatively new and complex numerical codes being developed for coupled non-linear freeze-thaw systems require validation. This issue was first addressed within the InterFrost IPA Action Group, by means of an intercomparison of thirteen numerical codes for two-dimensional TH test cases (TH2 & TH3). The main results (cf. Grenier et al. 2018 and wiki.lsce.ipsl.fr/interfrost) demonstrate that these codes provide robust results for the test cases considered.</p><p>The second phase of the InterFrost project is devoted to the simulation of a cold-room reference experiment based on test case TH2 (Frozen Inclusion). In a first implementation phase of the experimental setup, the initial frozen inclusion was inserted in the setup prior to the complete filling of the porous medium and the flow initiation. The thermal evolution of the system was monitored by thermistors located at the center of the initial inclusion and along the downgradient centerline. This setup provided optimal conditions to control the initial experiment geometries but resulted in slight differences in the initialization time for different experiments.</p><p>In a second implementation strategy, we now consider “in place” generation of an initial frozen inclusion through a cooling coil. The initial frozen inclusion is obtained after the initial cooling time and its initial thermal state is measured by means of an array of thermistors. In a second step, the flow is initiated, and the thermal evolution is monitored through an array of 11 thermistors (within the initial position and downgradient).</p><p>The experimental setup and an overview of all monitoring results as well as preliminary numerical simulations are presented. In an attempt to prevent formerly observed drifts in total water flowrates, the porous medium is renewed for each single experiment considering some key experimental conditions (full-flow vs. no-flow). A repetition of experiments provides an estimation of experimental uncertainty bounds. Derived results and conclusions from this experiment will form the basis for the next phase within the InterFrost validation exercise.</p>

The Use of Reverse Mirage Spectroscopy to Determine the Absorption Coefficient of Liquid Methanol at CO2 Laser Wavelengths

1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Bićanić ◽  
Siegfried Krüger ◽  
Paul Torfs ◽  
Bruno Bein ◽  
Frans Harren
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Co2 Laser ◽  
Probe Beam ◽  
Laser Emission ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Liquid Samples

An experimental setup for performance of reverse mirage spectroscopy at CO2 laser wavelengths on liquid samples having high values of absorption coefficients is described. One and the same liquid is used as both the absorbing and deflecting medium. The Rosencwaig-Gersho theory has been applied, and the choice of experimental conditions that would enable determination of absorption coefficient β from the magnitude of photothermal signals measured at two different probe beam distances (probing locations) is discussed. The usefulness of this technique (essentially not inhibited by the requirements imposed on the sample's thickness) is tested on methanol having absorption coefficients β close to 300 cm−1 in the wavelength region covered by CO2 laser emission.

Data Mining in Gene Expression Analysis

2008 ◽  
pp. 1643-1673
Author(s):  
Jilin Han ◽  
Le Gruenwald ◽  
Tyrrell Conway
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gene Expression Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

The study of gene expression levels under defined experimental conditions is an important approach to understand how a living cell works. High-throughput microarray technology is a very powerful tool for simultaneously studying thousands of genes in a single experiment. This revolutionary technology results in an extensive amount of data, which raises an important question: how to extract meaningful biological information from these data? In this chapter, we survey data mining techniques that have been used for clustering, classification and association rules for gene expression data analysis. In addition, we provide a comprehensive list of currently available commercial and academic data mining software together with their features. Lastly, we suggest future research directions.

scholarly journals Parameterisations of interior properties of rocky planets

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. A129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Noack ◽  
Marine Lasbleis
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Interior Structure ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Simple Mass

Context. Observations of Earth-sized exoplanets are mostly limited to information on their masses and radii. Simple mass-radius relationships have been developed for scaled-up versions of Earth or other planetary bodies such as Mercury and Ganymede, as well as for one-material spheres made of pure water(-ice), silicates, or iron. However, they do not allow a thorough investigation of composition influences and thermal state on a planet’s interior structure and properties. Aims. In this work, we investigate the structure of a rocky planet shortly after formation and at later stages of thermal evolution assuming the planet is differentiated into a metal core and a rocky mantle (consisting of Earth-like minerals, but with a variable iron content). Methods. We derived possible initial temperature profiles after the accretion and magma ocean solidification. We then developed parameterisations for the thermodynamic properties inside the core depending on planet mass, composition, and thermal state. Results. We provide the community with robust scaling laws for the interior structure, temperature profiles, and core- and mantle-averaged thermodynamic properties for planets composed of Earth’s main minerals but with variable compositions of iron and silicates. Conclusions. The scaling laws make it possible to investigate variations in thermodynamic properties for different interior thermal states in a multitude of applications such as deriving mass-radius scaling laws or estimating magnetic field evolution and core crystallisation for rocky exoplanets.

scholarly journals Application of Infrared Digital Holography for Characterization of Inhomogeneities and Voluminous Defects of Single Crystals on the Example of ZnGeP2

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Dyomin ◽  
Alexander Gribenyukov ◽  
Sergey Podzyvalov ◽  
Nikolay Yudin ◽  
Mikhail Zinoviev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Digital Holography ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Holographic Method ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

In this work, the method of IR digital holography intended for detection of volumetric defects in ZnGeP2 single crystals has been tested. The holographic method is verified by a comparison of the results obtained with the data obtained by other methods. The spatial resolution of the experimental setup is ~15–20 µm. The volumetric defects of the ZnGeP2 crystal structure (in samples with thickness up to 50 mm) such as growth striations, dislocation chain, and inclusions of the second phase (Zn3P2) shaped as needles up to ~100 µm long and ~10 µm wide have been visualized by the method of IR digital holography.

scholarly journals Coupling thermal evolution of planets and hydrodynamic atmospheric escape in mesa

2020 ◽  
Vol 499 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Kubyshkina ◽  
Aline A Vidotto ◽  
Luca Fossati ◽  
Eoin Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Planetary Atmospheres ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Escape ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Atmospheric Mass

ABSTRACT The long-term evolution of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres of sub-Neptune-like planets is mostly controlled to by two factors: a slow dissipation of the gravitational energy acquired at the formation (known as thermal evolution) and atmospheric mass-loss. Here, we use mesa to self-consistently couple the thermal evolution model of lower atmospheres with a realistic hydrodynamical atmospheric evaporation prescription. To outline the main features of such coupling, we simulate planets with a range of core masses (5–20 M⊕) and initial atmospheric mass fractions (0.5–30 per cent), orbiting a solar-like star at 0.1 au. In addition to our computed evolutionary tracks, we also study the stability of planetary atmospheres, showing that the atmospheres of light planets can be completely removed within 1 Gyr and that compact atmospheres have a better survival rate. From a detailed comparison between our results and the output of the previous-generation models, we show that coupling between thermal evolution and atmospheric evaporation considerably affects the thermal state of atmospheres for low-mass planets and, consequently, changes the relationship between atmospheric mass fraction and planetary parameters. We, therefore, conclude that self-consistent consideration of the thermal evolution and atmospheric evaporation is of crucial importance for evolutionary modelling and a better characterization of planetary atmospheres. From our simulations, we derive an analytical expression between planetary radius and atmospheric mass fraction at different ages. In particular, we find that, for a given observed planetary radius, the predicted atmospheric mass fraction changes as age0.11.

The characteristics of the biofilm fixed inside porous medium by sequencing batch reactor

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
K. Hoshi ◽  
H. Deguchi
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Kinetic Tests ◽  
Kinetic Test ◽  
Chemostat Reactor

The fixed biomass inside porous medium has two layers where biomass yield constants are different from each other when it is cultivated in the chemostat reactor. The biomass fixed inside porous medium is tested to see whether the operation type affected the structure of it. Two kinds of operation method of the reactor were used for the biofilm cultivation. One is the batch reactor. Another is the chemostat reactor. From the kinetic test, it is found that the biofilm fixed in the batch reactor does not have two layers that were observed in the biofilm from the chemostat reactor. Within the experimental conditions for type-1, the result of kinetic tests show homogeneous biofilm characteristics. It can be concluded that the reactor type (batch type or chemostat type) affects the structure of biomass fixed inside porous medium.

Foams as Blocking Agents in Porous Media

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Albrecht ◽  
Sullivan S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Flow In Porous Media ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Storage Reservoirs

Abstract Although foam usually will flow in porous media, under certain controllable conditions it can also be used to block the flow of gas, both in unconsolidated sand packs and in sandstones. After steady gas or foam flow has been established at a certain injection pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow ceases at a certain blocking pressure pb. When flow is then reestablished at a second, higher pi, blocking can again occur at another pb that will usually be greater than the first pi. The relationship between pi and Pb depends on the type of porous medium and the foamer solution saturation in the porous medium. A process is suggested whereby porous medium. A process is suggested whereby this phenomenon might be used to impede or block leakage in natural gas storage projects. Introduction The practice of storing natural gas in underground porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is the major way of meeting peak demands in urban areas of the U. S. Many of these storage projects have been plagued with gas leakage problems that have, in some cases, presented safety hazards and resulted in sizeable economic losses. Usually these leaks are due to such natural factors as faults and fractures, or to such engineering factors as poor cement jobs and wells that were improperly abandoned. For the latter, various remedies such as spot cementing have been tried but not always with great success. In recent years several research groups have been studying the flow properties of aqueous foams and their application to various petroleum engineering problems. Most of this work has been done under problems. Most of this work has been done under experimental conditions such that the foam would flow in either tubes or porous media. However, under some extreme or unusual experimental conditions, flow in porous media becomes very difficult or even impossible. This factor also has suggested m us as well as to others that foam can be used as a gas flow impeder or as a sealant for leaks in gas storage reservoirs. In such a process, the natural ability of porous media to process, the natural ability of porous media to generate foam would be utilized by injecting a slug of foamer solution and following this with gas to form the foam in situ. This paper presents preliminary results of a sandy on the blockage of gas flow by foam in porous media. It also describes how this approach might be applied to a field process for sealing leaks in natural gas storage reservoirs. Throughout this report, we use the term "foam" to describe any dispersed gas-liquid system in which the liquid is the continuous phase, and the gas is the discontinuous phase. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE A schematic drawing of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. At least 50 PV of filtered, deaerated foamer solution were forced through the porous medium to achieve liquid saturation greater than 80 percent. Afterwards air at controlled pressures was passed into the porous medium in order to generate foam in situ. Table 1 shows the properties and dimensions of the several porous media that were used. The beach sands were washed, graded and packed into a vibrating lucite tube containing a constant liquid level to avoid Stoke's law segregation over most of the porous medium. JPT P. 51

scholarly journals Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-560
Author(s):  
M. Lima ◽  
J. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Control System ◽  
Fractional Calculus ◽  
Trajectory Planning ◽  
Fourier Spectrum ◽  
Fractional Dynamics ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Analysis Package

Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulationThis paper presents a fractional calculus perspective in the study of signals captured during the movement of a mechanical manipulator carrying a liquid container. In order to study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The system acquires data from the sensors, in real time, and, in a second phase, processes them through an analysis package. The analysis package runs off-line and handles the recorded data. The results show that the Fourier spectrum of several signals presents a fractional behavior. The experimental study provides useful information that can assist in the design of a control system and the trajectory planning to be used in reducing or eliminating the effect of vibrations.

Linking the core heat content to Earth's accretion history

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Deguen ◽  
Vincent Clési
Keyword(s):  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Magma Ocean ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current State ◽  
Partitioning Coefficients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mantle Diapirism ◽  
Do So

<p>The composition of Earth's mantle, when compared to experimentally determined partitioning coefficients, can be used to constrain the conditions of equilibration - pressure P, temperature T, and oxygen fugacity fO<sub>2</sub> - of the metal and silicates during core-mantle differentiation.<br>This places constraints on the thermal state of the planet during its accretion, and it is tempting to try to use these data to estimate the heat content of the core at the end of accretion. To do so, we develop an analytical model of the thermal evolution of the metal phase during its descent through the solid mantle toward the growing core, taking into account compression heating,   viscous dissipation heating, and heat exchange with the surrounding silicates. For each impact, the model takes as initial condition the pressure and temperature at the base of the magma ocean, and gives the temperature of the metal when it reaches the core. The growth of the planet results in additional pressure increase and compression heating of the core. The thermal model is coupled to a Monte-Carlo inversion of the metal/silicates equilibration conditions (P, T, fO<sub>2</sub>) in the course of accretion from the abundance of Ni, Co, V and Cr in the mantle, and provides an estimate of the core heat content at the end of accretion for each geochemically successful accretion. The core heat content depends on the mean degree of metal-silicates equilibration, on the mode of metal/silicates separation in the mantle (diapirism, percolation, or dyking), but also very significantly on the shape of the equilibration conditions curve (equilibration P and T vs. fraction of Earth accreted). We find that many accretion histories which are successful in reproducing the mantle composition yield a core that is colder than its current state. Imposing that the temperature of the core at the end of accretion is higher than its current values therefore provides strong constraints on the accretion history. In particular, we find that the core heat content depends significantly on the last stages of accretion. </p>

Risk Evaluation of Drifting Ship by Tsunami

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Suga ◽  
◽  
Shunichi Koshimura ◽  
Ei-ichi Kobayashi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Tsunami Current ◽  
Miyagi Prefecture

Drifting ship due to tsunami inundation flow may cause additional damage in harbor area. Many drifting ships were found in the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake tsunami and these caused various problems (damage of ships themselves, striking other structures and obstacle for restoration). In this sense, it is very important for disaster prevention to predict the drifting motion of a large ship by tsunami current. This study aims to simulate the drifting motion of ships by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Kesennuma harbor, Miyagi Prefecture. First, we simulated the hydrodynamic features of the 2011 tsunami by numerical simulation. Secondly, we analyzed the drifting motion of large ships using the result of tsunami numerical simulation. In the analysis, several test cases were conducted by changing parameter and initial position of the ship. Then we verified the results of the ship drifting simulation by comparing with actual grounding position of ships. Throughout the comparisons and verifications, we found the grounding position by the simulation was generally consistent with actual position of ships. Although it is necessary to verify the drifting route of ships, the results suggest that this model is beneficial for future disaster prevention.

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