Ancient to modern metallurgical slags: evolving smelting techniques and their interaction with the environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Rocchi ◽  
Sergio Rocchi ◽  
Matteo Masotta
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Metallurgical Process ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Metallurgical Slags ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

<p>The discovery of metals and how to extract and use them was a turning point in human history, because it changed the economy and socio-cultural structure of ancient civilisations and started to severely affect the impact of human activities on the environment. In fact, a lot of societies developed near extraction sites and founded their economy on the use and trade of metals.<br>In Tuscany (Italy) there has been a long history of mining and metal extraction. From archaeological studies it has been reconstructed that the earliest records of these activities date back to the Etruscan period (VII century B.C.). Exploitation continued intermittently until a few decades ago. This extended period of mining exploitation left a wealth of both iron and copper metallurgical slags that can usually be found as abandoned and unsupervised heaps.<br>These slags, apparently just a waste from the metallurgical process, actually carry information about the evolution of the metallurgical process through which they were generated. Information about the charge, flux and fuel can be inferred from chemical and mineralogical composition of the slags.<br>Slags from three different smelting districts, ranging from ancient Etruscan-Roman period to modern age (1900 A.D.)  were studied macroscopically, identifying distinctive features related to the smelting process in different time periods. Then, thin sections obtained from representative samples were examined, using optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Chemical analyses were performed for major and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively.<br>Leaching experiments on some carefully selected samples were also completed, to investigate the release of potentially toxic elements during the interaction of the slags with the surrounding environment.<br>This kind of investigation allows to reconstruct part of the history of metal utilisation as well as to predict the impact that these remains will have on the environment.</p>

scholarly journals A Baseline Survey of The Geochemical Characteristics of the Arctic Soils of Alexandra Land Within the Franz Josef Land Archipelago (Russia)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Valerievich Moskovchenko ◽  
Evgeny Babkin ◽  
Maria Pogojeva ◽  
Ruslan Zhostkov ◽  
Aleksandr Ovsyuchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Franz Josef Land

Abstract The composition of soils and their parent materials were studied within one of the most northern land areas of the world – the island of Alexandra Land of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Contents of 65 trace and major elements were determined using atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) и inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). Other analyzed characteristics included soil pH, particle-size distribution and contents of carbon and nitrogen. The mineralogical composition of rocks was determined in thin sections. The studied soils were formed on basalts with high contents of MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, Сu, Co, V, Ni, Cr, Zn, and low contents of Pb and Hg. The composition of soils was generally similar to that of the bedrock. The median concentrations (mg kg-1) of trace elements in the soils were as follows: Cu - 160, Zn - 101, Ni - 74, Pb - 2.9, Cd - 0.14, and Hg - 0.031. The bedrock had an alkaline pH, whereas the soil pH ranged from weakly acid to alkaline. The textural class of the soils predominantly corresponded to sandy loam. The contents of clay and silt increased with depth due to the migration of these fractions with groundwater. The concentrations of ecologically hazardous Hg and Pb were slightly increased in the upper layer of soils and correlated with carbon contents, which was indicative of bioconcentration processes.

scholarly journals The Impact of Carsharing on Transport in the City. Case Study of Tri-City in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Tomasz Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Cognitive Content ◽  
Car Market ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The work on the impact of innovative solutions in urban transport on the inhabitants’ quality of life was discussed. This paper presents the characteristics of the use of shared vehicles in the agglomeration, based on the example of the Tri-City. An analysis of vehicles’ use in given periods of time was performed, indicating the growing interest in using this type of transport in the city. The work was divided into four chapters. The first part concerns the history of travel and urban development. The second discusses all currently available communication solutions in cities. The third chapter contains the research part. It focuses on presenting changes in vehicle availability over a more extended period. The fourth chapter describes the functioning of cars “for minutes” and the operation and use of dedicated mobile applications. The work ended with a summary of theoretical and cognitive content. A significant contribution is a brief analysis of the shared car market in the Tri-City. The available options are characterized. Also, the degree of use has been analyzed. The study concluded with theses about the further rapid development of this industry in northern Poland.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

Applications of SEM/EDXA in cement clinker investigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-871
Author(s):  
Arezki Tagnit-Hamou ◽  
Shondeep L. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Proven Method ◽  
Instantaneous Chemical

All the desired properties of cement primarily depend on the physicochemical characteristics of clinker from which the cement is produced. The mineralogical composition of the clinker forms the most important parameter influencing these properties.Optical microscopy provides reasonably accurate information pertaining to the thermal history of the clinker, while XRDA still remains the proven method of phase identification, and bulk chemical composition of the clinker can be readily obtained from XRFA. Nevertheless, all these microanalytical techniques are somewhat limited in their applications, and SEM/EDXA combination fills this gap uniquely by virtue of its high resolution imaging capability and possibility of instantaneous chemical analysis of individual phases.Inhomogeneities and impurities in the raw meal, influence of kiln conditions such as sintering and cooling rate being directly related to the microstructure can be effectively determined by SEM/EDXA. In addition, several physical characteristics of cement, such as rhcology, grindability and hydraulicity also depend on the clinker microstructure.

Zinc Depletion Increases Readmission in Older Patients: An Example of Interactions Between Nutrition and Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salah Gariballa ◽  
Awad Alessa
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Nutrition

Abstract. Background: ill health may lead to poor nutrition and poor nutrition to ill health, so identifying priorities for management still remains a challenge. The aim of this report is to present data on the impact of plasma zinc (Zn) depletion on important health outcomes after adjusting for other poor prognostic indicators in hospitalised patients. Methods: Hospitalised acutely ill older patients who were part of a large randomised controlled trial had their nutritional status assessed using anthropometric, hematological and biochemical data. Plasma Zn concentrations were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and at 6 months using inductively- coupled plasma spectroscopy method. Other clinical outcome measures of health were also measured. Results: A total of 345 patients assessed at baseline, 133 at 6 weeks and 163 at 6 months. At baseline 254 (74%) patients had a plasma Zn concentration below 10.71 μmol/L indicating biochemical depletion. The figures at 6 weeks and 6 months were 86 (65%) and 114 (70%) patients respectively. After adjusting for age, co-morbidity, nutritional status and tissue inflammation measured using CRP, only muscle mass and serum albumin showed significant and independent effects on plasma Zn concentrations. The risk of non-elective readmission in the 6-months follow up period was significantly lower in patients with normal Zn concentrations compared with those diagnosed with Zn depletion (adjusted hazard ratio 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.99), p = 0.047. Conclusions: Zn depletion is common and associated with increased risk of readmission in acutely-ill older patients, however, the influence of underlying comorbidity on these results can not excluded.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

A Left History of Liquorice: What It Means to Write "Left" History

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article is part of a special Left History series reflecting upon changing currents and boundaries in the practice of left history, and outlining the challenges historians of the left must face in the current tumultuous political climate. This series extends a conversation first convened in a 2006 special edition of Left History (11.1), which asked the question, “what is left history?” In the updated series, contributors were asked a slightly modified question, “what does it mean to write ‘left’ history?” The article charts the impact of major political developments on the field of left history in the last decade, contending that a rising neoliberal and right-wing climate has constructed an environment inhospitable to the discipline’s survival. To remain relevant, Palmer calls for historians of the left to develop a more “open-ended and inclusive” understanding of the left and to push the boundaries of inclusion for a meaningful historical study of the left. To illustrate, Palmer provides a brief materialist history of liquorice to demonstrate the mutability of left history as a historical approach, rather than a set of traditional political concerns.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIO LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Durdona Karimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sociolinguistic Competence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of the concept of sociolinguistics and the importance of this field in the study of the impact of society on language. It also describes the views of linguists in this regard, the history of the origin and development of the filed, its connection with other disciplines, and explains in detail the sociolinguistic issues with practical examples.In addition, the terms as macro-sociolinguistics and micro-sociolinguistics and sociolinguistic competence are explained.

Perkembangan TIK, Globalisasi dan Peranan Guru Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulpadli Zulpadli
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
History Of ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The Impact

This paper briefly and through theoretical studies will discuss simply the problems formulated, the impact of globalization on Character education in Indonesia, as well as the paradigm of PKN learning and Character education challenges for the younger generation. It is on the ground by the declining awareness and moral values, as well as to increase the values of the characters seen in the young generations. Civic education in Indonesia has been running throughout the history of Indonesian independence, and has gone through various stages and arms, it certainly demands greater hard work of teachers to be able to increase the values of Pancasila and love of the homeland, and practice the character values which is based on the noble values of Indonesian culture into Indonesian youth.

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