Analysis of soil oxygen dynamics as a diagnostic tool of the soil oxygen status in-situ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Shenker ◽  
David Yalin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Soil Oxygen ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Oxygen Dynamics

<p>Soil oxygen has been recognized as a potential limiting factor in plant production second only to water and nutrients. While it is widely accepted that soil gaseous oxygen levels below 10% V/V are detrimental to plant production, there are currently no accepted indices to quantify the effect of different agricultural practices on soil oxygen supply and availability. To address this challenge, a new approach is introduced, whereby indices describing the soil oxygen dynamics are determined using data from continuous in-situ soil oxygen measurements. To give the measurements a mechanistic interpretation, we developed a conceptual model describing the soil oxygen dynamics as a simplified mass balance between oxygen supply rate and oxygen consumption rate. The approach was applied to analyze field measurements of soil oxygen and water tension at 35 cm depth in avocado orchards irrigated with either Fresh Water (FW) or Treated Wastewater (TWW) in clay soil (~60% clay). The reliability of the method was shown, as soil respiration rates equivalent to 1-2 g O<sub>2</sub><sub></sub>m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> were established, in line with previous reports for evergreen trees. The model defines the soil water tension at which oxygen supply to the measurement depth after irrigation surpasses the oxygen consumption rate as the critical soil water tension, and a value of ~50 mbar was established for the experiment site, again within the range described in the literature for soils with similar properties using other methodologies. Using the new approach, it was established that more hypoxic conditions occur in TWW irrigated plots as compared to FW irrigated plots due to a difference in the time required to reach the critical soil water tension – TWW irrigated plots took nearly 50% longer to reach a soil water tension of 50 mbar after each irrigation in the height of the irrigation season. This delay in TWW irrigated plots was directly related to the soil drying rate, which was lower in the TWW irrigated soils in both night and day periods, indicating both a hindering of drainage and of plant water uptake. In a second study site, the values describing the soil oxygen dynamics were found to relate to the soil stone content (particles>2mm), a known effector of soil aeration. By utilizing in-situ<sub></sub>measurements, the method aims to represent the intricate interrelations occurring in the field which may be missed using methods focusing on the individual factors affecting soil oxygen. The insights gained can provide the basis for designing management techniques to resolve unfavorable low oxygen levels in agriculture, as well as in natural environments where hypoxia affects soil carbon turnover, the evolution of greenhouse-gasses, and the fate of toxic elements in soils.</p>

Citrus Carbohydrate Levels were Related to Irrigation Frequency but Not Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498a-498
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Fidelibus ◽  
Chris A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Water Tension

Sugar and starch concentrations in leaves and roots of Citrus volkameriana Tan and Pasq were measured in response to irrigation frequency and AMF inoculum. Non-mycorrhizal seedlings were treated with a soil inoculum from one of five different communities of AMF; two AMF communities from Arizona citrus orchard soils, and three communities from undisturbed desert soils. Plants were assigned to frequent (soil water tension > –0.01 MPa) or infrequent (soil water tension > –0.06 MPa) irrigation cycles and were container-grown in a glasshouse for 4 months before tissues were analyzed. Fungal inoculum source did not affect shoot or root carbohydrate levels. Plants grown under high irrigation frequency had increased leaf and root starch levels and increased root sugar levels compared with those under low irrigation frequencies. High irrigation frequency also increased shoot mass.

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use by Sweetpotato

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doyle A. Smittle ◽  
Melvin R. Hall ◽  
James R. Stansell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Storage Root Development

Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam cv. Georgia Jet] were grown on two soil types in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982 and 1983. Water regimes consisted of irrigating the sweetpotatoes throughout growth when soil water tension at 23 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 100 kPa or by allowing a 100-kPa water stress before root enlargement, during early root enlargement, or throughout root enlargement. Water use and marketable yields were greater when sweetpotatoes were grown on a Tifton loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthitic Paleudult) than when grown on a Bonifay sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic, Plinthitic Paleudult). Water use, marketable yield, and yield of U.S. #1 grade roots generally decreased when soil water tensions exceeded 25 kPa before irrigation, although soil water stress of 100 kPa during storage root development did not significantly affect yield. Regression equations are provided to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute daily evapotranspiration: pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) for sweetpotatoes irrigated at 25, 50, and 100 kPa of soil water tension.

scholarly journals BROMATOLOGIA DE GRAMÍNEAS TROPICAIS SOB DIFERENTES TENSÕES DE ÁGUA NO SOLO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Morgana Scaramussa Gonçalves ◽  
Wilian Rodrigues Ribeiro ◽  
Edvaldo Fialho Dos Reis ◽  
Antônio Carlos Cóser
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Water Tension

A irrigação é usada para conter os efeitos da sazonalidade de produção garantindo maior intensificação dos sistemas de produção a pasto, assim, contribuindo para o aumento da produção e do valor bromatológico das gramíneas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o valor bromatológico de gramíneas tropicais cultivadas em condições de ambiente protegido, submetidas a diferentes tensões de água no solo. Foram realizados três experimentos com as gramíneas Mombaça, Marandu e Tifton 85, onde cada qual, foi conduzida em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os níveis do fator tensão de água no solo (20, 40, 50, 60 e 70 kPa) e nas subparcelas níveis 1º, 2º e 3º do fator corte, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Nas tensões de água no solo de 20 (Mombaça) e 50 kPa (Marandu e Tifton 85) as gramíneas expressaram seu máximo de valor nutritivo. Os maiores teores de PB foram obtidos nas gramíneas Mombaça e Tifton 85. Para as variáveis FDN e FDA o fator tensão de água no solo não foi significativo.Palavras-chave: proteína bruta, fibra, irrigação, forrageiras. BROMATOLOGY OF TROPICAL GRASSES UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL WATER TENSIONS IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT:The irrigation is used to contain the effects of seasonality of production, ensuring a greater intensification of pasture production systems, thus contributing to the increase of production and the bromatological value of grasses. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritive value of tropical grasses grown under protected environment conditions, subject to different soil water stresses. Three experiments, using Mombasa, Marandu and Tifton 85 grasses under a protected environment were carried out and each one was conducted in a subdivided plots scheme, with the levels of soil water tension factor (20, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kPa) and in the subplots levels 1, 2 and 3 of the cut factor, in a completely randomized design with five replicationss. At soil water stresses of 20 (Mombasa) and 50 kPa (Marandu and Tifton 85) the grasses expressed their maximum nutritive value. The highest CP levels were obtained in the Mombasa and Tifton 85 grasses. For the NDF and ADF variables, the soil water stress factor was not significant.Keywords: crude protein, fiber, irrigation, forages.

scholarly journals Rooting Depth, Growth and Yield of Sorghum as Affected by Soil Water Availability in an Ultisol and an Oxisol

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 329-335
Author(s):  
A. Wahab ◽  
H. Talleyrand ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Tension

Grain and stover yields of RS 671 grain sorghum were measured at Barranquitas in an Oxisol and at Corozal in an Ultisol. Measurements were made of weather factors, soil moisture content and tension, plant growth, water deficits and rooting depths. At each site a plot was irrigated as often as necessary to maintain a soil water tension of less than 1 bar. Nonirrigated plots at Corozal were watered whenever necessary to prevent plants from wilting permanently. During a prolonged drought and at grain filling, sorghum extracted water in the Oxisol to a depth of 120 cm. Plants became water stressed after the soil water tension at a depth of 90 cm reached 15 bars. In the Ultisol, sorghum plants were unable to effectively extract available soil moisture at depths below 45 cm. Both plant growth and grain yield were greater in the Oxisol than in the Ultisol. The relative soil compaction of the Ultisol was greater than that of the Oxisol.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Soil Water Content in Maize Rotated with Pigeonpea Fallows in South Africa

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2761
Author(s):  
Misheck Musokwa ◽  
Paramu L. Mafongoya ◽  
Paxie W. Chirwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Continuous Maize ◽  
Water Tension

Maize production under smallholder systems in South Africa (RSA) depends on rainfall. Incidences of dry spells throughout the growing season have affected maize yields negatively. The study examined water distribution and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows as compared to continuous maize without fertilizer. A randomized complete block design, replicated three times, was used with four treatments, which included continuous unfertilized maize, natural fallow-maize, pigeonpea + grass-pigeonpea-maize, and two-year pigeonpea fallow-maize. Soil water mark sensors were installed 0.2; 0.5; and 1.2 m on each plot to monitor soil water tension (kPa). Soil samples were analyzed using pressure plates to determine water retention curves which were used to convert soil water tension to volumetric water content. Maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows had higher dry matter yield (11,661 kg ha−1) and WUE (20.78 kg mm−1) than continuous maize (5314 kg ha−1 and 9.48 kg mm−1). In this era of water scarcity and drought incidences caused by climate change, maize rotated with pigeonpea fallows is recommended among smallholder farmers in RSA because of its higher WUE, hence food security will be guaranteed.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation Threshold on Crop Performances in Wet Seeded Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
S Parveen ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
M Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Water Tension

Decreasing availability and increasing costs of water and labour are driving researchers and farmers to find management strategies that increase input water productivity and reduce labour requirement in rice production. Wet seeding instead of transplanting greatly reduces the labour requirement for crop establishment, whereas use of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) instead of continuous flooding reduces irrigation input. However, the safe threshold for irrigating wet seeded rice (WSR), and how this varies with growth stage, has not been established. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different degrees of irrigation threshold during different crop growth stages on crop performance of WSR. This was done in greenhouse experiment in the 2011 wet season at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. In the experiments, water stresses were applied by withholding irrigation until soil water tension increased to 10, 20 or 40 kPa at 10 cm below the soil surface. Soil water tension was measured using 30 cm long gauge tensiometer installed with the center of the ceramic cup. The stresses were applied during three crop stages: 3-leaf (3L) to panicle initiation (PI), PI to flowering (FL), and FL to physiological maturity (PM). The experiment was also included a continuously flooded (CF) treatment. Stress during 3L to PI increased the time to PI (by 2 to 4 days) but reduced the duration of grain filling by 3 to 5 days, the larger values with 20 and 40 kPa thresholds. There was no effect of stress thresholds of 10 to 40 kPa during PI-FL on crop duration. Stress during grain filling reduced the duration of grain filling by 6 days for all thresholds. Stresses of 20 and 40 kPa during 3L to PI reduced green leaf and tiller density at PI, but this effect disappeared with the imposition of CF after PI. There were consistent trends for lower final biomass as the level of water deficit stress increased, and imposition of stresses of 20 and 40 kPa at any or all three stages significantly reduced biomass compared with CF. These results suggest that, for shortening the ripening period, water stress may be imposed as 10 to 20 kPa during FL to PM. Bangladesh Rice j. 2018, 22(1): 73-81

PREDICTION OF SOIL STRENGTH FROM HYDROLOGIC AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. PAUL ◽  
J. DE VRIES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Water Tension

Cone penetration resistance (an index of soil strength) was found to be linearly dependent upon soil water tension within a limited range of tensions close to saturation. This relationship was established with data collected from three soil types in farmers’ fields located in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia during late winter and spring over a 2-yr period. For the mineral soils the slope of the relationship was predicted quite well by a theoretically-based equation. The slope could not be predicted for an organic soil. Solution of the equation required a number of simplifying assumptions and direct measurement of the angle of shearing resistance, [Formula: see text]. This equation was integrated and the constant of integration, the value of which depended upon the particular depth intervals at which measurements of cone penetration were made, was replaced by the intercept from the empirical strength-tension relationship. In this way, a semi-empirical model was developed for the prediction of soil strength from soil water tension, or vice versa, for the mineral soils. Prediction for the organic soil could be carried out with the empirical relationship.

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