scholarly journals Emissions of greenhouse gases from energy use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: 1970–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Flammini ◽  
Xueyao Pan ◽  
Francesco Nicola Tubiello ◽  
Sally Yue Qiu ◽  
Leonardo Rocha Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Motor Gasoline ◽  
Country Level

Abstract. Fossil-fuel based energy use in agriculture leads to CO2 and non-CO2 emissions. We focus on emissions generated within the farm gate for crop and livestock production and from fisheries, providing information relative to the period 1970–2019 for both energy use and the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Country-level information is generated from UNSD and IEA data on energy in agriculture, forestry and fishing, relative to use of: gas/diesel oil, motor gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, fuel oil and coal. Electricity used within the farm gate is also quantified, while recognizing that the associated emissions are generated elsewhere. We find that in 2019, annual emissions from energy use in agriculture were about 523 million tonnes (Mt CO2eq yr−1), and up to 1,029 Mt CO2eq yr−1 when including electricity. They increased 7 % since 1990. The largest emission increases from on-farm fuel combustion were from LPG (32 %), whereas significant decreases were observed for coal (−55 %), natural gas (−50 %), motor gasoline (−42 %) and fuel oil (−37 %). Conversely, use of electricity and the associated indirect emissions increased three-fold over the 1990–2019 period, thus becoming the largest emission source from energy use in agriculture since 2005. Overall the global trends were a result of counterbalancing effects: marked decreases in developed countries in 2019 compared to 1990 (−273 Mt CO2eq yr−1) were masked by slightly larger increases in developing and emerging economies (+339 Mt CO2 eq yr−1). The information used in this work is available as open data at: https://zenodo.org/record/5153241 (Tubiello and Pan, 2021). The relevant FAOSTAT (FAO, 2021) emissions database is maintained and updated annually by FAO.

Natural Gas Markets in Asia: From Callow Youth to Maturity

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Donald I. Hertzmark
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Markets

In the 1980s, Asian energy markets expanded at a rapid rate to meet the surge in demand from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. This demand boom coincided with an increase in non-OPEC oil production in the region. As oil production stabilizes, demand looks set to rise sharply, this time in the new Newly Industrialized Countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Natural gas will play a key role in this expansion of energy use and could start to lead rather than follow oil markets. The leading role of natural gas will be especially strong if gas starts to make inroads in the high and middle ends of the barrel with oxygenated gasoline and compressed natural gas for trucks. At the bottom of the barrel, natural gas could increasingly usurp the role of residual fuel oil for environmental reasons. At the same time, regional refiners could find that residual oil is their leading source of additional feed for the new process units currently under discussion or planning. The supply outlook for natural gas is increasingly fraught with uncertainties as more of the region's supplies must come from distant areas. In particular, LNG supplies from Malaysia and Indonesia will need to be replaced by the early part of the next century as rising domestic demand eats into the exportable gas production. New sources include China, Siberia, Sakhalin Island, Papua New Guinea, and Canada. There will be intense competition to supply the Northeast Asian markets as the gas production in Southeast Asia is increasingly used within ASEAN.

scholarly journals Human, Animal and Planet Health for Complete Sustainability

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertoni
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Negative Role

In order to discuss the concepts of animal health and sustainability, we must remind ourselves that ASF (animal source foods) can play a large role in human health, but that animals are assumed to have a negative role in the environment. Indeed, ASF can compromise human health, both in excess and in deficiency, so a proper amount of them is important. In addition, the environmental impact of farmed animals: land occupation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use and water utilization, acidification and eutrophication, must be minimized by reducing ASF consumption, as well as by increasing productivity. To achieve this, besides genetics, feeding and good management, the hygienic-sanitary and comfort conditions that ensure good health and welfare are essential. Impaired animal health can cause zoonosis and food-borne diseases and be responsible for economic and socio-economic losses (lower production-productivity and profitability) with consequential effects on the planet’s health too, and there are big differences between developing and developed countries. In the former, a prevalence of endemic infectious diseases and parasites is observed, and there is a lack of tools to restrain them; in the latter there is a decline of the above diseases, but an increase of stress-related diseases. Their reduction is equally important but requires a different strategy. In developing countries, the strategy should be to facilitate the availability of prevention and treatment means, while in developed countries it is necessary to use drugs correctly (to reduce residues, especially antimicrobials which are associated with important resistance risks to antibiotics) and improve the living conditions of animals (welfare).

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

Prioritizing Sectors for Sustainable Growth in India

2016 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Barun Deb Pal ◽  
Sanjib Pohit
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Growth Path ◽  
Multiplier Analysis

This chapter has adopted method of Environmental Social Accounting Matrix (ESAM) and its multiplier analysis to identify sustainable growth path for India. Given the surge of GHG emissions, all developed countries and large emerging economies like India are coming under pressure in global forum to adopt a growth path that is sustainable from the environmental point of view. In this chapter, we propose to analyse the inter-linkage between sectoral GDP growth and its implications on growth in employment, income, GHG emissions and in energy use. The results indicate that the cereal productions other than rice and wheat should be given higher priority to reduce GHG emissions. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the existing pattern of government expenditure is sub-optimal as its reallocation based on their sustainable growth index increases GDP by 1%, reduces GHG emission by 1.57% and increase employment by 2.57%.

scholarly journals The characteristics of the production and processing of oil and natural gas in Croatia from 2000 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Josipa Velić ◽  
Katarina Kišić ◽  
Dragan Krasić
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Motor Gasoline ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Republic

This research analyzes the characteristics of the production and processing of oil, condensates and natural gas in the Republic of Croatia starting from 2000, until the end of 2014. Amounts of balance sheet (exploitable) reserves of oil and condensates ranges from 9330,92 × 103 m3 in 2005, to 13 471,08 × 103 m3 in 2013, while extracted amounts are gradually declining from 1332,61 × 103 m3 to 639,96 × 103 m3. The ratio of extracted amounts and reserves is gradually declining, meaning that a slight increase in reserves does not affect the extracted amounts. Exploitable reserves of natural gas during the observed period fluctuate greatly. Being peaked in 2007, at 40,919.70 × 106 m3, they reached a low in 2014, at 17,932.98 × 106 m3. Unlike liquid hydrocarbons, the ratio of extracted and exploitable amounts is growing and peaked in 2014. Overall energy demands for oil in Croatia (shown as total consumption of crude oil) amounted to 3032,8 × 103 m3 in 2013, while demands for natural gas amounted to 2809,90 × 106 m3. It is interesting to note that the consumption of oil is rapidly declining, which is a favorable trend from the standpoint of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. While needs are partly covered by domestic exploitation, the dependence on imports of oil and natural gas is still evident and ranges from 75% to 84% for oil and 28% to 46% for natural gas, without major changes to the trend. The amounts of processed hydrocarbons are declining gradually, especially motor gasoline and fuel oil, while diesel fuel amounts remain mostly the same. Further research as well as development of the exploitation of oil and natural gas is of paramount importance, especially by investing in cadre education and new technologies.

Extended Range of Fuel Capability for GT13E2 AEV Burner With Liquid and Gaseous Fuels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zajadatz ◽  
Felix Güthe ◽  
Ewald Freitag ◽  
Theodoros Ferreira-Providakis ◽  
Torsten Wind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Emission Behavior ◽  
Flame Flashback

The gas turbine market tends to drive development towards higher operational and fuel flexibility. In order to meet these requirements the GT13E21 combustion system with the AEV burner has been further developed to extend the range of fuels according to GE fuel capabilities. The development includes operation with diluted natural gas, gases with very high C2+ contents up to liquefied petroleum gas on the gaseous fuels side and non-standard liquid fuels such as biodiesel and light crude oil. Results of full scale high pressure single burner combustion test in the test facilities at DLR-Köln are shown to demonstrate these capabilities. With these tests at typical pressure and temperature conditions safe operation ranges with respect to flame flashback and lean blow out were identified. In addition, the recent burner mapping at the DLR in Köln results in emission behavior similar to typical fuels as natural gas and fuel oil #2. It was also possible to achieve low emission levels with liquid fuels with a high fuel bound nitrogen content. Based on these results the GT13E2 gas turbine has demonstrated capability with a high variety of gaseous and liquid fuel at power ranges of 200 MW and above. The fuels can be applied without specific engine adjustments or major hardware changes over a whole range of gas turbine operation including startup and GT acceleration.

scholarly journals Liquefied natural gas road transport: a simulation study in Mato Grosso, Brazil

TRANSPORTES ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2450
Author(s):  
Dorival Suriano Dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Anna Luisa Abreu Netto ◽  
Drielli Peyerl ◽  
Denis Martins Fraga ◽  
Edmilson Moutinho Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Simulation Results

The aim of this article is to evaluate the viability of transporting Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) by truck in the Mato Grosso (MT) state, Brazil, comparing the costs of substituting other energy sources for the Bolivian Natural Gas (NG) and estimating the potential available market in the five mesoregions of the state. The simulation results show a potential NG market of 2.1 MMm3/day at a competitive cost compared to the assessed fuels in the economic sectors evaluated in the MT state. LNG transported by road has shown to be more advantageous than electric energy and diesel oil. On the other hand, fuel oil costs were slightly lower than NG costs. This simulation can serve as inspiration to extend the use of small-scale LNG by road in states or countries with similar characteristics, especially those with the possibility of the constant supply of NG and limited pipeline network.

scholarly journals DAMPAK PENURUNAN EMISI GRK PADA PROGRAM KONVERSI MINYAK TANAH KE LPG 3 Kg

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Tri Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Difference

DAMPAK PENURUNAN EMISI GRK PADA PROGRAM KONVERSI MINYAK TANAH KE LPG 3 Kg Abstrak Di dunia internasional, Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara dikaruniai banyak sumber daya alam (SDA) energi seperti minyak bumi dan gas alam. Kondisi ini menjadikan Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara pengekspor gas bumi atau Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cukup signifikan. Di sisi lain, banyak masyarakat masih menggunakan minyak tanah (mitan) untuk bahan bakar memasak. Padahal, pemerintah wajib mengalokasikan subsidi untuk mitan tersebut bersama solar dan premium. Akibatnya konsumsi mitan terus meningkat sejak periode tahun 1990-an. Untuk mengurangi beban subsidi mitan sekaligus mengembangkan gerakan energi bersih dan sehat, pemerintah menjalankan program konversi mitan ke LPG 3 kg mulai tahun 2007. Hingga tahun 2011, program konversi mitan ke LPG 3 kg menghasilkan manfaat khususnya dalam mengurangi beban subidi mitan di APBN. Namun demikian, laju penurunan emisi GRK dari program tersebut ternyata belum dihitung oleh satu pihak manapun. Untuk itulah penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menghitung laju penurunan emisi GRK akibat pelaksanaan program konversi mitan ke LPG 3 kg. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Emission Reduction maka besaran penurunan emisi sampai dengan tahun 2012 sebesar 49,249,703 tCO2. Jika program konversi mitan ke LPG akan diteruskan hingga tahun 2020, maka penurunan emisi mencapai 130,223,596 tCO2. Hasil perhitungan ini tentu dapat direkomendasikan sebagai masukan dalam proses perbaikan target penurunan emisi GRK nasional sektor energi. Kata kunci: Emisi GRK, LPG, Emisi GHG, Subsidi, Konversi Calculation Impact of Reduction Greenhouse Gas Emission on Conversion Program Kerosene to LPG Abstract In the international forum, Indonesia known as the country blessed with many natural resources (NR) energy both petroleum and natural gas. This condition makes Indonesia as one of the gas exporting countries, with the ability to produce natural gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) of three million tons per year. On the other hand, so many families particularly poor people, still use kerosene for cooking activity. Premium in addition to diesel and kerosene, is one of the subsidized fuel consumption has been increasing since the late '90s. To reduce the burden of subsidies complexity and develop clean energy and healthy movement, government run kerosene to LPG conversion program 3 kg from 2007. Till 2011, the kerosene to LPG conversion program produces 3 kg of particular benefit in reducing the burden on the state budget subidi complexity. However, the rate of GHG emission reduction of the program has yet to be calculated by any of the parties. For this reason this study performed with the purpose of computing the rate of decrease in GHG emissions due to the implementation of kerosene to LPG conversion program 3 kg. By using Emission Reduction approach derived from the difference between the Baseline Emission Project Emission, generating emission reduction rate of up to 2012 amounted to 49,249,703 tCO2. If the kerosene to LPG conversion already in progress at this time will be forwarded to 2020, the emissions reductions that can be achieved by 2020 is 130,223,596 tCO2. The results of these calculations can certainly be recommended as an input in the process of improvement of the national GHG emissions reduction targets of the energy. Keywords: Emmision GRK, LPG, GHG Emssion, Subsidy, Convertion

Extended Range of Fuel Capability for GT13E2 AEV Burner With Liquid and Gaseous Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zajadatz ◽  
Felix Güthe ◽  
Ewald Freitag ◽  
Theodoros Ferreira-Providakis ◽  
Torsten Wind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
General Electric ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Emission Behavior ◽  
Flame Flashback

The gas turbine market tends to drive development toward higher operational and fuel flexibility. In order to meet these requirements, the GT13E2® combustion system (General Electric, Schenectady, NY) with the AEV® burner (General Electric) has been further developed to extend the range of fuels according to GE fuel capabilities. The development includes operation with diluted natural gas, gases with very high C2+ contents up to liquefied petroleum gas on the gaseous fuels side, and nonstandard liquid fuels such as biodiesel and light crude oil (LCO). Results of full scale high pressure single burner combustion test in the test facilities at DLR-Köln are shown to demonstrate these capabilities. With these tests at typical pressure and temperature conditions, safe operation ranges with respect to flame flashback and lean blow out (LBO) were identified. In addition, the recent burner mapping at the DLR in Köln results in emission behavior similar to typical fuels as natural gas and fuel oil #2. It was also possible to achieve low emission levels with liquid fuels with a high fuel bound nitrogen (FBN) content. Based on these results, the GT13E2 gas turbine has demonstrated capability with a high variety of gaseous and liquid fuel at power ranges of 200 MW and above. The fuels can be applied without specific engine adjustments or major hardware changes over a whole range of gas turbine operation including startup and gas turbine (GT) acceleration.

scholarly journals Changes in Greek industry and their effect on air pollutant emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-527
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Gas Penetration

Energy use in Greek Industry, fuel mix changes and contribution of major sectors from 1960 to 2004 are presented and analysed. Energy related air pollutant emissions are estimated and presented too. Energy use in Industry has shown a growing trend. Residual fuel oil was the predominant energy form, but with decreasing share, while electricity had a remarkable and steadily increasing share, reflecting changes in industrial equipment towards more automated production processes. Natural Gas started to contribute to energy mix in late ’90s. Emissions followed energy’s growth but with lower rates, since ‘dirty fuels’ use grew slower than electricity, which is a ‘clean fuel’ in final uses. Sectors with the greater contribution in energy use and air pollutant emissions were ‘Basic Metals’ and ‘Chemical’ from 1960 to 1975, while after 1985 ‘Non-metallic Minerals’ and ‘Energy’ sectors had the greater contribution. More than 50% of the countries industrial units are located close to Athens. In 2003, Attica’s share to total industry’s emissions was lower than the share of industries, while neighbouring prefectures’ share was higher. The share of ‘dirty’ industries is higher in the neighbouring to Attica prefectures, while in Attica the share of industries using mainly electricity (‘clean’ final energy form) is higher. The enlargement of natural gas penetration together with energy saving measures will affect positive any emission reduction policy.

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