scholarly journals The development of water services and their interaction with water resources in European and Brazilian cities

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1153-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Barraqué ◽  
R. M. Formiga Johnsson ◽  
A. L. Nogueira de Paiva Britto
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Technological Developments

Abstract. The extension and complexity of large cities creates "urban water" and a related issue: public water services, including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and storm water control, had previously become a policy sector separate from water resource allocation issues thanks to water transport and treatment technologies. Large metropolitan areas today cannot take nature for granted anymore, and they need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water services in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, placing the technological developments in their geographic, socio-economic and political contexts. Our frame is to follow the successive contributions of civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm allowed to mobilise water in and out of the city, and up the hills or the floors; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitary engineering paradigm, water treatment gave more freedom to cities to take water from rivers closer to them, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; lastly, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

scholarly journals Sustainable water services and interaction with water resources in Europe and in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 3441-3467 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Barraqué ◽  
R. M. Formiga Johnsson ◽  
A. L. Britto
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Land Use Policies

Abstract. The increasing interaction between large cities and nature makes "urban water" an issue: water resources and water services – including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and in large cities, storm water control –, which had become separate issues thanks to the process of water transport and treatment technologies, are now increasingly interfering with each other. We cannot take nature for granted anymore, and we need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water industry technologies in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, in their socio-economic and political context, tracing it through three "ages" of water technology and services which developed under civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering perspectives: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm was developed on the assumption that water should be drawn from natural environments far from the cities; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitation engineering paradigm, water treatment was invented and allowed cities to take water from rivers closer to them and treat it, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; finally, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

scholarly journals The All Towns Reconciliation Strategies a partnership between water resource management and water services

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
M. Esterhuizen ◽  
L. de Jager ◽  
W. A. Jezewski
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water Requirements

Abstract In 2012, the South African Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) initiated a study: Continuation of the Northern Planning Region's All Towns Reconciliation Strategies: Phase 1. This study reviewed, prioritised and updated the rudimentary All Towns strategies initially developed by DWS in 2011. The purpose of the strategies was to reconcile water requirements with available resources for the 2011–2035 planning horizon by estimating the projected water requirements, determining available water resources (surface and groundwater) and developing a water balance. Recommendations were made to conserve, manage and administer local water sources as well as to augment water supplies from other sources if required. The recommendations provided actions and options for implementation by the relevant Water Services Authorities and the DWS at a local and regional level, providing the opportunity for integrated and coordinated planning. Bulk and reticulation metering, the implementation of water conservation and demand management programmes and recommendations on the updating of water use allocations were prioritised. Detailed studies required to determine the most feasible water resource augmentation options to ensure a positive water balance were identified. The study coordinated efforts by officials and stakeholders representing both the water resources and water services sectors. The prioritised strategies defined the deficit or surplus of the water resources per water source on a technical level, but also highlighted the need for planning and coordination between the water resources and water services sectors. The strategies are not legally mandated documents, but represent some of the best efforts spanning across various sectors to realise coordinated water infrastructure planning in DWS’ Northern Planning Region. The use of the documents in the local, district and national planning environments should be promoted for integrated planning, and it may be fitting to incorporate the All Towns Reconciliation Strategy documents as a valuable resource to inform the water legislation currently being reviewed.

scholarly journals Toward A Sustainable Water And Sanitation Strategy for Duhok Governorat

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-228
Author(s):  
Musleh Duhoky ◽  
Nesreen Sideek Barwari ◽  
Jian Hassanpour
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on building a resilient sector based on a unified approach for a comprehensive social, economic and environmentally viable water and sanitation sector development for Duhok Governorate. The article highlights the challenges of meeting the growing water demand, the impact of water scarcity, the changing geo-political scenarios, the sanitation policy of Duhok, the need to prepare for a water-secure future for all citizens and residents of Duhok Governorate. To achieve an integrated approach to manage water resources and sustainable water and sanitation services in light of future sector imperatives there is a need to protect our water resources while ensuring equitable and efficient water allocations to meet all social and economic development needs, with secured wastewater/sanitation services to our populations. Furthermore, there is a need to revise the institutional and legal frameworks to streamline sector management and administration. The management and protection of water is a shared responsibility among various government sectors, municipalities, businesses, industry, and individuals. Residents need to be aware of how much water they use, practice water conservation, and respect the environment. Water and sanitation management could include developing a better understanding of water resources and using this information to support sustainable economic development; implementing improved long-term management developed through joint work of all stakeholders; and evaluating opportunities to share more information with the public.

scholarly journals Crisis and Water Services: How a 2007 Public Health Emergency in Finland Helped Shape Its Response to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Tapio S. Katko ◽  
Jarmo J. Hukka
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Engineering Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Environmental Engineering ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sound Management

This paper aims at shedding light on the significance of water epidemics and their potential positive impacts on improving preparedness in water and sanitation services. We explore the water epidemic of Nokia in 2007 and preparedness-related reactions since then. The corona case confirms the fundamental role of clean water for well-being in communities, the need for sound management of water services to proactively promote public health, as well as the need for expanding conventional water and environmental engineering education and research to offer more holistic views.

scholarly journals Determining regional limits and sectoral constraints for water use

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 4039-4052 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Lissner ◽  
C. A. Sullivan ◽  
D. E. Reusser ◽  
J. P. Kropp
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Main Determinants

Abstract. Water is an essential input to the majority of human activities. Often, access to sufficient water resources is limited by quality and infrastructure aspects, rather than by resource availability alone, and each activity has different requirements regarding the nature of these aspects. This paper develops an integrated approach to assess the adequacy of water resources for the three major water users: the domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors. Additionally, we include environmental water requirements. We first outline the main determinants of water adequacy for each sector. Subsequently, we present an integrated approach using fuzzy logic, which allows assessing sector-specific as well as overall water adequacy. We implement the approach in two case study settings to exemplify the main features of the approach. Using results from two climate models and two forcing RCPs (representative concentration pathways), as well as population projections, we further assess the impacts of climate change in combination with population growth on the adequacy of water resources. The results provide an important step forward in determining the most relevant factors, impeding adequate access to water, which remains an important challenge in many regions of the world. The methodology allows one to directly identify the factors that are most decisive in determining the adequacy of water in each region, pointing towards the most efficient intervention points to improve conditions. Our findings underline the fact that, in addition to water volumes, water quality is a limitation for all sectors and, especially for the environmental sector, high levels of pollution are a threat to water adequacy.

scholarly journals Scale for Attitude Towards Water Conservation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Reddy ◽  
Christelle Maria Lewis ◽  
Rakesh Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Behavioural Intention ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
Water Right ◽  
Resources Conservation

Water Conservation is the need of the hour and attitudes towards conserving the resources is what is sure to become a priority in the coming years. The paper introduces a scale constructed to test the Attitude towards water conservation in India. It contains various sub-scales that include a General Attitude towards water conservation, Past behavior/experience, Moral obligation to save water resources, Perceived water right, and Behavioural intention of conserving water resources. 432 participants participated in a nationwide survey and their responses were checked for reliability. Results reveal that people generally have a positive attitude towards water conservation and that there is substantial potential of the resources’ conservation. The scale can be used to measure attitude changes and thereby the effectiveness of an implemented plan of action concerning water conservation.

scholarly journals Determining regional limits and sectoral constraints for water use under climate change

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 4695-4727
Author(s):  
T. K. Lissner ◽  
C. A. Sullivan ◽  
D. E. Reusser ◽  
J. P. Kropp
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Main Determinants

Abstract. Water is an essential input to the majority of human activities. Often, access to sufficient water resources is limited by quality and infrastructure aspects, rather than by resource availability alone, and each activity has different requirements regarding the nature of these aspects. This paper develops an integrated approach to assess the adequacy of water resources for the three major water users, the domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors. Additionally, we include environmental water requirements. We first outline the main determinants of water adequacy for each sector. Subsequently, we present an integrated approach using fuzzy logic, with allows assessing sector-specific as well as overall water adequacy. We implement the approach in two case study settings to exemplify the main features of the approach. Using results from two climate models and two forcing RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways) as well as population projections, we further assess the impacts of climate change and population growth on the adequacy of water resources. The results provide an important step forward in determining the most relevant factors, impeding adequate access to water, which remains an important challenge in many regions of the world. The methodology allows to directly identify those factors most decisive in determining the adequacy of water in each region, pointing towards the most efficient intervention points to improve conditions. Our findings underline the fact that in addition to water volumes, water quality is a limitation for all sectors and especially for the environmental sector, high levels of pollution are a threat to water adequacy.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGY FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER MANAGAMENT

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesud Adžemović ◽  
Mirjana Bartula ◽  
Jordan Aleksić
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Cost Distribution ◽  
Basin Area

Economic analysis is the key requirement of EU Water Framework Directive. On a level of river basin area, economic analysis includes three dimensions: 1. economic characterization of water use: current and future projected economic importance of capacities and potentials of water resources; 2. program of measures for achieving good water status: cost-benefit analyses, cost efficiency analyses, cost scale and influence: and 3. water services price policies: evaluation of institutional alternatives for recovery of water services costs, including analysis of cost distribution. The analysis includes leveling of current and projected water resources data with costs and benefits of water services on the level of river basin area within local communities and integrated on sub-region level.

Urban-Water Harmony model to evaluate the urban water management

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1774-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Ding ◽  
Deshan Tang ◽  
Yuhang Wei ◽  
Sun Yin
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Management

Water resources in many urban areas are under enormous stress due to large-scale urban expansion and population explosion. The decision-makers are often faced with the dilemma of either maintaining high economic growth or protecting water resources and the environment. Simple criteria of water supply and drainage do not reflect the requirement of integrated urban water management. The Urban-Water Harmony (UWH) model is based on the concept of harmony and offers a more integrated approach to urban water management. This model calculates four dimensions, namely urban development, urban water services, water–society coordination, and water environment coordination. And the Analytic Hierarchy Process has been used to determine the indices weights. We applied the UWH model to Beijing, China for an 11-year assessment. Our findings show that, despite the severe stress inherent in rapid development and water shortage, the urban water relationship of Beijing is generally evolving in a positive way. The social–economic factors such as the water recycling technologies contribute a lot to this change. The UWH evaluation can provide a reasonable analysis approach to combine various urban and water indices to produce an integrated and comparable evaluation index. This, in turn, enables more effective water management in decision-making processes.

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