scholarly journals Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment, classification, and management

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3855-3872 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Weiskel ◽  
D. M. Wolock ◽  
P. J. Zarriello ◽  
R. M. Vogel ◽  
S. B. Levin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Equal Weight

Abstract. Runoff-based indicators of terrestrial water availability are appropriate for humid regions, but have tended to limit our basic hydrologic understanding of drylands – the dry-subhumid, semiarid, and arid regions which presently cover nearly half of the global land surface. In response, we introduce an indicator framework that gives equal weight to humid and dryland regions, accounting fully for both vertical (precipitation + evapotranspiration) and horizontal (groundwater + surface-water) components of the hydrologic cycle in any given location – as well as fluxes into and out of landscape storage. We apply the framework to a diverse hydroclimatic region (the conterminous USA) using a distributed water-balance model consisting of 53 400 networked landscape hydrologic units. Our model simulations indicate that about 21% of the conterminous USA either generated no runoff or consumed runoff from upgradient sources on a mean-annual basis during the 20th century. Vertical fluxes exceeded horizontal fluxes across 76% of the conterminous area. Long-term-average total water availability (TWA) during the 20th century, defined here as the total influx to a landscape hydrologic unit from precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, varied spatially by about 400 000-fold, a range of variation ~100 times larger than that for mean-annual runoff across the same area. The framework includes but is not limited to classical, runoff-based approaches to water-resource assessment. It also incorporates and reinterprets the green- and blue-water perspective now gaining international acceptance. Implications of the new framework for several areas of contemporary hydrology are explored, and the data requirements of the approach are discussed in relation to the increasing availability of gridded global climate, land-surface, and hydrologic data sets.

scholarly journals Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment and classification

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 2933-2965 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Weiskel ◽  
D. M. Wolock ◽  
P. J. Zarriello ◽  
R. M. Vogel ◽  
S. B. Levin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. Runoff-based indicators of terrestrial water availability are appropriate for humid regions, but have tended to limit our basic hydrologic understanding of drylands – the dry-sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid regions which presently cover nearly half of the global land surface. In response, we introduce an indicator framework that gives equal weight to humid and dryland regions, accounting fully for both vertical (precipitation + evapotranspiration) and horizontal (groundwater + surface-water) components of the hydrologic cycle in any given location – as well as fluxes into and out of landscape storage. We apply the framework to a diverse hydroclimatic region (the conterminous USA), using a distributed water-balance model consisting of 53 400 networked landscape hydrologic units. Our model simulations indicate that about 21% of the conterminous USA either generated no runoff or consumed runoff from upgradient sources on a mean-annual basis during the 20th century. Vertical fluxes exceeded horizontal fluxes across 76% of the conterminous area. Long-term average total water availability (TWA) during the 20th century, defined here as the total influx to a landscape hydrologic unit from precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, varied spatially by about 400 000-fold, a range of variation ~100 times larger than that for mean-annual runoff across the same area. The framework includes, but is not limited to classical, runoff-based approaches to water-resource assessment. It also incorporates and re-interprets the green-blue water perspective now gaining international acceptance. Implications of the new framework for hydrologic assessment and classification are explored.

Spatial pattern evaluation of remote-sensing evapotranspiration products using surface water-balance approach: application of geostatistical functions for quantifying drivers and dependence structures of ET data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Soltani ◽  
Simon Stisen ◽  
Julian Koch
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Dependence Structures

<p>Remote sensing-based RS observations can provide evapotranspiration ET estimations across temporal and spatial scales. In this study, two MODIS-based global ET, namely MODIS16 and two-source energy balance model TSEB are compared and evaluated using the surface water-balance WB ET method at monthly time-scale with 1 km spatial resolution for the entire land phase of Denmark (42,087 km<sup>2</sup>). Then, the drivers and underlying dependence structures of ET datasets against land-atmosphere parameters are appropriately quantified using a linear-based multivariate principal component analysis PCA –and nonlinear-based bivariate empirical Copula analysis. For calculation of the surface WB ET method, in addition to the standard WB ET procedure (ET = precipitation P – discharge Q), we introduce a novel modification of standard WB method, which considers a groundwater exchange term. Here, modelled net intercatchment groundwater flow (GW_net) is also included in the ET calculation (ET = P – Q + GW_net); where the simulations are done by the national water resources model of Denmark (the DK-model) executed in the physically-based distributed MIKE-SHE hydrologic modelling code. The differences between the two WB methods are presented and discussed in detail to highlight the importance of considering GW data when investigating water-budget of small catchments. Our analysis will also be extended to compare ET datasets at different spatial scales (catchment size), aiming at further exploring the performance and ET uncertainties of remote sensing-based models. Our results indicate that the novel approach of adding GW-data in WB ET calculation results in a more trustworthy WB ET spatial pattern. This is especially relevant for smaller catchments where GW-exchange can be significant. Large discrepancy is observed in TSEB/MODIS16 ET compared to WB ET spatial pattern at the national scale; however, ∆ET values are regionally small for most watersheds (~60% of all). Also, catchment-based analysis highlights that RS/WB ∆ET decreases from <100km<sup>2</sup> to >200km<sup>2</sup> watersheds, and about 56% (67%) of all catchments have ∆ET ±50 mm/year for TSEB (MODIS16). PCA-based analysis revealed that each ET dataset is largely driven by different parameters. However, land surface temperature LST and solar radiation Rs are found as most relevant driving variables. In addition, Copula-based analysis captures a nonlinear structure of the joint relationship with multiple densities amongst ET products and the parameters, showing a complex underlying dependence structure. Overall, both PCA and Copula analyses indicate that WB and MODIS16 ET products represent a closer spatial pattern compared to TSEB. This study will help improve standard WB ET estimate method and contribute to deeper understanding the inter-correlations and real complex relationships between ET datasets and the nature of land-atmosphere parameters.</p>

scholarly journals HydroPy (v1.0): A new global hydrology model written in Python

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Stacke ◽  
Stefan Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Land Surface Water ◽  
Hydrology Model ◽  
Flexible Infrastructure ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Global hydrological models (GHMs) are a useful tool in the assessment of the land surface water balance. They are used to further the understanding of interactions between water balance components as well as their past evolution and potential future development under various scenarios. While GHMs are a part of the Hydrologist's toolbox since several decades, the models are continuously developed. In our study, we present the HydroPy model, a revised version of an established GHM, the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology's Hydrology Model (MPI-HM). Being rewritten in Python, the new model requires much less effort in maintenance and due to its flexible infrastructure, new processes can be easily implemented. Besides providing a thorough documentation of the processes currently implemented in HydroPy, we demonstrate the skill of the model in simulating the land surface water balance. We find that evapotranspiration is reproduced realistically for the majority of the land surface but is underestimated in the tropics. The simulated river discharge correlates well with observations. Biases are evident for the annual accumulated discharge, however they can – at least to some part – be attributed to discrepancies between the meteorological model forcing data and the observations. Finally, we show that HydroPy performs very similar to MPI-HM and, thus, conclude the successful transition from MPI-HM to HydroPy.

The Effect of Climate Change on River Flow and Snow Cover in the NOPEX Area Simulated by a Simple Water Balance Model

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-Y Xu ◽  
Sven Halldin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Average Annual Runoff

Within the next few decades, changes in global temperature and precipitation patterns may appear, especially at high latitudes. A simple monthly water-balance model of the NOPEX basins was developed and used for the purposes of investigating the effects on water availability of changes in climate. Eleven case study catchments were used together with a number of climate change scenarios. The effects of climate change on average annual runoff depended on the ratio of average annual runoff to average annual precipitation, with the greatest sensitivity in the catchments with lowest runoff coefficients. A 20% increase in annual precipitation resulted in an increase in annual runoff ranging from 31% to 51%. The greatest changes in monthly runoff were in winter (from December to March) whereas the smallest changes were found in summer. The time of the highest spring flow changed from April to March. An increase in temperature by 4°C greatly shortened the time of snow cover and the snow accumulation period. The maximum amount of snow during these short winters diminished by 50% for the NOPEX area even with an assumed increase of total precipitation by 20%.

scholarly journals Multi-Satellite Data of Land Surface Temperature, Lakes Area, and Water Level for Hydrological Model Calibration and Validation in the Yangtze River Basin

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Claire Huber ◽  
Hervè Yesou ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Zhongbo Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River Basin

This study shows the feasibility of the combined use of multi-satellite data and an energy–water balance model for improving the estimates of water fluxes over time and distributed in space in the Yangtze River basin. In particular, a new methodology is used to constrain an internal model variable of the distributed hydrological model based on the satellite land surface temperature. The hydrological FEST-EWB model (flash flood event-based spatially distributed rainfall–runoff transformation–energy water balance model) with its energy–water balance scheme allows to continuously compute in time and distributed in space soil moisture and evapotranspiration (ET) fluxes thanks to a double link with satellite-derived data as input parameters (e.g., LAI) and as variables for model states’ updates as the land surface temperature (LST). This LST was used to calibrate the model soil parameters instead of using only dedicated ground measurements. The effects of the calibration procedure were evaluated at four available river cross-sections along the Yangtze River, considering also the presence of the Three Gorges Dam. Flow duration curves were also considered to understand the volume storages’ changes. The Poyang and Dongting Lakes dynamics were simulated from FEST-EWB and compared against satellite water extended from MERIS and ASAR data and water levels from LEGOS altimetry data (Topex/Poseidon). The FEST-EWB model was run at 0.009° spatial resolution and three hours of temporal resolutions for the period between 2003 and 2006. Absolute errors on LST estimates of 3 °C were obtained while discharge data were simulated with errors of 10%. Errors on the water area extent of 7% and on the water level of 3% were obtained for the two lakes.

SIM: smart irrigation from soil moisture forecast using satellite and hydro –meteorological modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Alessandro Ceppi ◽  
Gabriele Lombardi ◽  
Josè Sobrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Fresh Vegetables

<p>The conflicting use of water is becoming more and more evident, also in regions that are traditionally rich in water. With the world’s population projected to increase to 8.5 billion by 2030, the simultaneous growth in income will imply a substantial increase in demand for both water and food (expected to increase by 70% by 2050). Climate change impacts will further stress the water availability enhancing also its conflictual use. The agricultural sector, the biggest and least efficient water user, accounts for around 24% of total water use in Europe, peaking at 80% in the southern regions, is likely to face important challenges in order to sustain food production and parsimonious use of water.</p><p>The paper shows the development of a system for operative irrigation water management able to monitor and forecast the crop water need reducing the irrigation losses and increasing the water use efficiency. The system couples together satellite and ground data, with pixel wise hydrological soil water balance model using recent scientifically outcomes on soil moisture retrieval from satellite data and hydrological modelling. Discussion on the methodological approach based on the satellite land surface temperature LST, ground evapotranspiration measures, and pixel wise hydrological modelling is provided proving the reliability of the forecasting system and its benefits.</p><p>The activity is part of the European Chinese collaborative project (SIM, Smart Irrigation Modelling, www.sim.polimi.it) which has as main objective the parsimonious use of agricultural water through an operational web tool to reduce the use of water, fertilizer and energy keeping a constant crop yield. The system provides in real-time the present and forecasted irrigation water requirements at high spatial and temporal resolutions with forecast horizons from few up to thirty days, according to different agronomic practices supporting different level of water users from irrigation consortia to single farmers.</p><p>The system is applied in different experimental sites which are located in Italy, the Netherlands, China and Spain, which are characterized by different climatic conditions, water availability, crop types and irrigation schemes. This also thanks to the collaboration of several stakeholders as the Italian ANBI, Capitanata and Chiese irrigation consortia and Dutch Aa and Maas water authority</p><p>The results are shown for two case studies in Italy and in China The Italian ones is the Sud Fortore District of the Capitanata Irrigation consortium which covers an area of about 50’000 hectares with flat topography, hot summer and warm winter, mainly irrigated with pressurized aqueduct. The district is an intensive cultivation area, mainly devoted to wheat, tomatoes and fresh vegetables cultivation The Chinese one is in the Hehie Daman district covering an area of 20000 ha with fixed time flooding irrigation.</p>

Soil clay content, rainfall, and toposequence positions determining spatial variation in field water availability as estimated by a water balance model for rainfed lowland rice

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inthavong ◽  
M. Tsubo ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rainfed Lowland ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Soil Clay Content

Drought is a major limiting factor for the production of rainfed rice in the Mekong Region. Thus, estimation of the length of growing period (LGP) based on estimation of the development of water deficit is essential for sound planning of agricultural development. A recently developed soil-water balance model was used to quantify the availability of water for rice crops and yield reduction due to water deficit. Field water availability is known to be largely affected by soil type and rainfall pattern, and their separate effects were investigated in this study of a spatial analysis of LGP, using inputs for rainfed lowland rice in Savannakhet province in central Laos. The analysis showed that the start of growing period (SGP) and end of growing period (EGP) were affected largely by geographical variations in rainfall and soil clay content, respectively. Also, the areas having relatively short LGP were generally associated with large yield reduction because of low water availability associated with coarse-textured soils. At local scale, field water availability varied from upper to lower positions of a sloping land (toposequence) in the rainfed lowland ecosystem of the Mekong region, causing variation in yield within the toposequence. Using the level of field water determined around flowering time at different toposequence positions in 45 farms, estimated yield reduction was compared in seven main rice-growing districts of the province. Variability of yield loss, associated with variation in water availability, was larger across the toposequence positions than across districts, showing the importance of local variability in determining yield in rainfed lowland rice. The present approach of a combination of simulation model and GIS is adopted for characterisation of the water environment for rainfed lowland rice in other parts of Laos, as well as in neighbouring Thailand and Cambodia.

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