scholarly journals Lexical variation in Japanese dialects revisited: Geostatistic and dialectometric analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Péter Jeszenszky ◽  
Yoshinobu Hikosaka ◽  
Keiji Yano

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since the end of the 19th century in Japan, the official language policy enforced using Standard Japanese, based on the variety spoken in Tokyo (formerly Edo), in all official situations and in schools. Since then, Japanese dialects have been dwindling and ‘flattening’ (i.e., they retain less regional variation). Nevertheless, differences of language varieties keep being important topics and they reinforce the feeling of belonging and group formation in Japan, similarly to most languages with dialects. This study explores the spatial patterns in Japanese lexical variation based on digitised dialectal survey data (using the Linguistic Atlas of Japan) and presents first results of a dialectometric analysis, quantifying a number of factors assumed to affect lexical variation in Japanese.</p>

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Fellman ◽  
Aldur W. Eriksson

AbstractStrong geographical variations in the twinning rate have been presented in the literature. In general, the rate is high among people of African origin, intermediate among Europeans and low among most Asiatic populations. In Europe, a progressive increase has occurred in the twinning rate from south to north, with a minimum around the Basque provinces. The highest twinning rates in Europe have been found among Nordic populations with the exception of the Saamis (Lapps). Within larger populations, some small isolated subpopulations have been identified to have extreme, mainly high, twinning rates. In this study, we investigated the regional variation of the twinning rate in Sweden. We analysed twinning rates for different counties for the period 1751–1850. From the middle of the 19th century, the environmental and genetic differences have decreased and the regional twinning rates have converged towards a common decreased level. The models applied have the geographical coordinates as regressors. The optimal model for the twinning rate has the longitude, the latitude and their product as regressors, indicating both horizontal and vertical trends. According to this model, the maximum twinning rate in Sweden is located in the eastern part of central Sweden, mainly on the island of Gotland and in the counties around Stockholm. Relatively low twinning rates are seen in the western and northern parts of Sweden.


2019 ◽  
pp. 88-102
Author(s):  
Félix Manuel Jiménez Lobo

This article examines the reasons for the disappearance of Spanish as an interlanguage in the Philippines (both as an official language and as a means of communication between speakers of different languages) after the change of colonial power at the end of the 19th century. First, the author explains the geographic, ethno-linguistic and historical context of the country, summarizes the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines from the beginning of the Spanish colonial period until the present day with special attention being given to the appearance of the creole Chavacano, and presents the traditional explanations for the disappearance of the language. Later he compares the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines with other former Spanish colonies. He concludes that Spanish disappeared through a combination of unique historical circumstances which did not occur in other territories of the former Spanish Empire.


2017 ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ewertowski

Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939Historically, Northeast China (Manchuria) was a border zone between China and nomadic peoples, as well as between Russian and Qing empires since the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, a number of factors (penetration by foreign powers, collapse of the Qing Empire, revolution in Russia, Japanese expansion and demographic changes) transformed this area into “a contact zone” in the sense given by Mary Louise Pratt. The main focus of the article is the way in which this contact zone was described by Polish and Serbian travellers. Their can provide a special outlook, because Poland and Serbia did not participate extensively in the colonial penetration into China, however, Serbs and Poles travelled there, often representing Russian institutions. Therefore they were observing China as agents of imperial force, but they did not identify themselves fully with it. Our analysis of the image of Northeast China as a contact zone will be divided into three broad sections: 1) political and military expansion, 2) economic and demographic relations, 3) transcultural phenomena of everyday life. Chiny Północno-Wschodnie jako strefa kontaktu w polskich i serbskich relacjach podróżniczych w latach 1900-1939Północno-wschodnie Chiny (Mandżuria) są historyczną granicą między Chinami a ludami wędrownymi, od siedemnastego wieku również między Rosją a imperium dynastii Qing. W drugiej połowie dziewiętnastego wieku, a zwłaszcza w pierwszej połowie dwudziestego szereg czynników (penetracja przez obce mocarstwa, upadek dynastii Qing, rewolucja w Rosji, ekspansja japońska i zmiany demograficzne) uczyniły z tego obszaru „strefę kontaktu” w rozumieniu Mary Louise Pratt. Głównym tematem artykułu jest sposób opisu strefy kontaktu przez polskich i serbskich podróżników. Ich dzieła dają bowiem szczególną perspektywę, gdyż Polska i Serbia nie uczestniczyły w kolonialnej penetracji Chin, jednakże Serbowie i Polacy podróżowali do Państwa Środka, często reprezentując rosyjskie instytucje. Z tego względu obserwowali Chiny jako reprezentanci imperium, jednak nie identyfikowali się z nim w pełni. Analiza obrazu północno-wschodnich Chin jako strefy kontaktu dzieli się na trzy sekcje: 1) ekspansja polityczna i militarna, 2) relacje ekonomiczne i demograficzne, 3) zjawiska transkulturowe w życiu codziennym.


2010 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Marius Fetea ◽  
Gabriel Cheregi ◽  
Liana Lustun ◽  
Ildico Smit ◽  
Codruta Lucaci ◽  
...  

As for the historic record of the problem related to the study of flat plates, the first results were out for publishing at the end of the 18th century, the beginning of the 19th century, having Chladni E, Strehlke, Konig, R, Tanaka S, Rayleigh L, Ritz W and later on Gontkevich V, Timoshenko S, Leissa as pioneers. Each of the above mentioned authors have had significant contributions regarding the development of methods in order to solve the plates and establish some rigurous solutions of their differential equations of equilibrium. The making of constructions, machines and different high-perfomance appliances, whose functioning should take place in safety conditions, have required theoretical studies of rich complexity, as well as practical experiments, within which the problem of their free and forced vibrations represent an important category in the respective theme of research.


2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Jacek Tomczyk

Qasr Shemamok, a large tell situated about 30 km southwest of Erbil, close to the village of Tarjan, is a well-known site of Iraqi Kurdistan. It has been identified as the remains of the ancient city of Kakzu (or Kilizu) since the 19th century. In 2012, a French archaeological Mission, guided by O. Rouault with a European team, and funded by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, came to work in Erbil, answering an invitation from the Kurdish authorities, and from the Erbil Salaheddin University, thanks to the strong support of the local French Consulate. The text presents the first results of the anthropological work at Qasr Shemamok, conducted in the 2012 season.


Author(s):  
Laura Dobrita

El primer soneto rumano data de 1810 y es en el siglo XIX cuando esta forma poética se instala en el repertorio métrico en lengua rumana. Este trabajo parte de la creación de un exhaustivo corpus de sonetos comprendidos entre 1810 y 1914 en lengua rumana y expone la concepción, la creación, la metodología y algunos de los primeros resultados del análisis de este corpus de sonetos. Centraremos la atención en el ritmo empleado, en los patrones silábicos, así como en la concreción del acento en los versos, para finalizar con una aplicación práctica de una de las teorías más recientes que propone relacionar la tonicidad con la cantidad silábica. Con este estudio se aporta una detallada descripción cuantitativa de las características métricas del soneto rumano en el siglo XIX y que ayuda a su comprensión dentro del contexto europeo.The first Romanian sonnet dates from 1810, and it is in the 19th Century when this poetic form was established within the metric repertoire in Romanian. This paper focuses on the creation of an exhaustive corpus of sonnets in Romanian language composed between 1810 and 1914. The contribution presents the conception, creation, methodology and some of the first results of the analysis of this 19th Century Romanian sonnets corpus. This work examines the rhythm used, syllabic patterns, as well as the stress in verses, to conclude with a practical application of one of the most recent theories that proposes the relation between tonicity and syllabic quantity. This study provides a detailed quantitative description of the metric characteristics of the Romanian sonnet in the 19th Century, aiming to help to the understanding of its particularities within the European context.


2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ángeles Conde-Parrilla

The present article addresses sociolinguistic issues in a literary context, namely regional variation in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, a relevant, though not fully analysed, aspect of this novel. By the end of the 19th century most of Ireland was predominantly English speaking, but taking on a foreign language meant for the Irish a form of exile from their own identity, place and history. Revivalist writers responded to such a tension by using Hiberno-English, until it eventually became established as a literary medium. As is clear from my analysis, dialectal usage powerfully contributes to the vivid realization of most characters in Joyce’s novel, reflecting their regional provenance and social background. The representation of the linguistic situation thus offered is realistic and extensive, but also innovative in the context of the Irish Literary Revival. More importantly, it illustrates the protagonist’s views on national identity, and his struggles to find his own voice in the midst of the polyphony prevalent in turn-of-the-century Dublin. As this article argues, the dialogical tension between hybrid Irish English and standard English is truly essential to a comprehensive reading of A (colonial) Portrait.


Author(s):  
Giuliano D’Amico

Arne Garborg was one of the most prominent Norwegian writers of the latter half of the 19th century, and the first decades of the 20th century. He was among the first to write in Norway’s second official language, landsmål (later nynorsk), and his works range from novels to short stories, poems, drama, newspaper articles, and essays. Many of his early works are embedded in the Scandinavian Modern Breakthrough and naturalism. In the 1890s he turned to a more psychologically oriented form of writing, inspired by literary decadence and by an emergent modernism. Garborg was one of Norway’s major interpreters of the conflict between old and new ways of thinking about literature, religion, and society. He was married to the Norwegian writer Hulda Garborg.


Author(s):  
Saed Jamil Shahwan ◽  
Tasneem Rashed Said Shahwan

Appropriate understanding and embracing of the literature in the 19th century in Britain, should be considered so crucial when it comes to writing of novel and the same as to that of theater. Although Radcliff & Mattacks (2009) point out the changes experienced in theatre during the Victorian era, this research further explains the role of human activities in influencing changes in literary forms. There are a number of factors that are seen to be taking place at this particular period, lack of some basic understanding hindered the whole concept of writing. This period was commonly referred as the Victorian era and novel writing were considered to be on the lead when it came to literary genre. Most of the novels at this particular period were published in three volumes, several developments are clearly observed by introduction of other styles such as the satire writing. The women are now given equal opportunities and their work is being acknowledged without any challenges. On the other hand, the 19th century makes a great impact on the theatre; this can be illustrated by the number of developments that were involved. This stage was identified as the revolving stage and these changes were observed as from the 1896. This paper presents the major activities that took place in the 19th century in Britain that took place in the writing of the novel, the impact that it had on the novelist and so is that on the theater. This paper goes on to present the kind of society that existed in this era, the cultures and their way of life which includes the division of classes among the people of Britain.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.


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