scholarly journals The bicycle at the end of the 19th century: An instrument for land surveying and mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tristan Thielmann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Land Surveying ◽  
New Form ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> At the end of the 19th century, the bicycle was a medium used for land development, connection, sensing and routing. This article explores these features of the bicycle based on the League of American Wheelmen bulletins that were published between 1880 and 1902. The enquiry shows that the bicycle constitutes a rural geomedium since the first cyclists regarded themselves as land surveyors. Furthermore, the bicycle, as a vehicle that is connected to an individual, links the starting and end points of a route &amp;ndash; without stops on the way and without changing vehicles. This continuity of movement is a highly essential property of the medium ‘bicycle’. Being awheel and making the countryside accessible cartographically are therefore closely linked to each other; they take place in one and the same procedure as part of the joint practice of land surveys. During this process, the bicycle proves to be an ideal instrument for the sensing of road surface conditions and therefore functions as a mediator between the road and the cyclist. It also serves as a mediator between urban and rural areas and as a connected device: the bicycle is the condition for cooperation for Bicycle Clubs, which enjoyed enormous popularity at the end of the 19th century. It facilitated the cooperative experiencing and exploring of the land that had yet not been documented cartographically and, in turn, yielded its own new form of representation: navigable maps in the form of route guides.</p>

scholarly journals The Production of the Landfras Printing Works and Publishing House in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Běhalová
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Folk Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The 19Th Century

The activities of the Landfras printing works and the associated publishing house are an important part of the history of book culture in the Czech lands in the 19th century and form a significant chapter in the history of book printing and publishing in this period. The focus of the production of the printing works and the publishing house reflected the new needs of literate broad social classes in the 19th century, showing increased interest in the printed word. The company used the modern methods and technologies available, which reduced the price of the final book or other printed materials. For publication, it selected titles whose sales were guaranteed or at least expected. The result was the repeated printing of a number of titles of religious, educational and entertainment literature, which had already been popular in previous centuries, and the development of contemporary titles for the general public from both urban and rural areas. For centuries, great popularity was mainly enjoyed by the titles of religious folk literature (Himmelschlüssel prayer books by the theologian Martin von Cochem and other prayer and devotional books), in which Baroque Catholic piety was reflected until the late 19th century. To the original Himmelschlüssel and other traditional titles, the printing works added titles of its regular authors and their translations of contemporary prayer and religious literature. It complemented the titles of secular entertainment literature (reprints of original works, e.g. Kronika o Štilfridovi [The Chronicle of Štilfríd] or Kronika sedmi mudrců [The Chronicle of the Seven Wise Men]) with translations and original works by Jan Hýbl and Václav Rodomil Kramerius, and it also printed moralising stories by local priests. Educational literature, such as guides for homesteaders, cooks and the like sold also well. A separate activity section comprises the publication and printing of textbooks mostly for local schools. Until the end of the 19th century, they were abundantly complemented by printed broadsides, affordable to every household. A significant chapter of the 19th century was the development of periodicals, which was mirrored in the second half of that century also in newly emerging regional titles, especially in the weekly Ohlas od Nežárky [Echoes from the River Nežárka], which began to be published in 1871.

scholarly journals Brandbekämpfungstechnologie und Feuerwehren – Das Zusammenspiel von Technologie und Gesellschaft am Fallbeispiel Tirol

2015 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Bliem
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Fire Fighters ◽  
New Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The following seminar-paper is about the impact technology had on the development of fire fighting institutions in the 19th century. Along with the Industrial Revolution the urge to be protected from fire catastrophes was growing. In this paper I argue that the invention and use of new technologies in fighting fire lead to the development of institutions such as “Freiwillige Feuerwehren”. But, as will be shown, the new form of organization overtook the spread of the new technologies rapidly, especially in rural areas. Due to the expensive and train-extensive technology fire fighters in rural areas had to operate with primitive technology far up in the 20th century.

scholarly journals Rural Height Penalty or Socioeconomic Penalization? The Nutritional Inequality in Backward Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4483
Author(s):  
Antonio M. Linares-Luján ◽  
Francisco M. Parejo-Moruno
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Equality Of Means ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article studies the evolution of nutritional inequality, measured through the male adult height, in one of the poorest regions of Spain, in southwestern Europe: Extremadura. With a wide sample of statures of recruits born between 1855 and 1979, conscripted between 1876 and 2000, the research delves into the urban-rural height gap using coefficients of variation, tests of equality of means and proxy variables of a socioeconomic nature. The results of the analysis reveal that the strong anthropometric growth that Extremadura experienced since the last decades of the 19th century was accompanied by a less internal inequality. The lower heterogeneity did not eliminate, however, the urban-rural height gap during the period under study. In this sense, despite the absence of environmental differences between urban and rural areas in Extremadura, there was a clear rural height penalty in the region from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century. Rural punishment was fundamentally related to the greater presence of agrarian workers and the lower presence of wealthy families in villages and small towns. On the contrary, educational differences or differences in terms of nutritional health were not as decisive in the rural height penalization, at least when such differences are measured with the sources of military recruitment.

Scholars discover local history: the case of northeast Lapland in the 18th century

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lähteenmäki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Local History ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The People ◽  
New Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Distant Region

ABSTRACTThe academic study of local and regional history in Sweden took on a quite new form and significance in the 18th century. Humiliating defeats in wars had brought the kingdom's period of greatness to an end and forced the crown to re-evaluate the country's position and image and reconsider the internal questions of economic efficiency and settlement. One aspect in this was more effective economic and political control over the peripheral parts of the realm, which meant that also the distant region of Kemi Lapland, bordering on Russia, became an object of systematic government interest. The practical local documentation of this area took the form of dissertations prepared by students native to the area under the supervision of well known professors, reports sent back by local ministers and newspaper articles. The people responsible for communicating this information may be said to have functioned as ‘mimic men’ in the terminology of H.K. Bhabha. This supervised gathering and publication of local information created the foundation for the nationalist ideology and interest in ordinary people and local cultures that emerged at the end of the century and flourished during the 19th century.

scholarly journals Flood and Land Property Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hafizah Ismail ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim ◽  
Bakti Hasan Basri
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Industrial Land ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Flood Impact ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">Flood disaster has become a natural concern to the land owners where it raised a critical issue in term of land value depreciation. Previous studies have discussed the issue of potential decline in the value of land which are located on the flood-liable area. However, in Malaysia, current studies on flood impact are considered limited and do not focus on the effects of flood on land property. With the Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) approach, we investigate the effect of flood on agricultural and industrial land property values in the urban and rural areas in Malaysia. The analysis indicates that the agricultural and industrial land values in the urban and rural areas have significantly decreased due to flood events. This study will benefit the land owners to understand the flood impact on land value and also the factors that contribute to the loss in the land value. It becomes the responsibility of the land owner to put the asset and property to its best use, given the presence of the flood. In addition, this study will help the policy maker to design and allocate land development efficiently in the urban or rural areas for agricultural and industrial project to ensure depreciation value of the land is minimized in the case of flood.</span></p>

Schooling in the United States

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd M. Hammack
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Adult Status ◽  
The 19Th Century

The rise of schooling, from a peripheral activity of religious groups and some elites to a virtually universal and global experience of nearly all children, has been the object of study for over a century. Socialization, usually accomplished within the family, is how young people were traditionally brought into the skills and knowledge required by adult status. A few were chosen for more specialized and formalized education, among them priests, but “going to school” was a very uncommon human experience until the 19th century in the United States, when the “common school movement” established schools in rural areas and cities. By the second half of the 19th century, mass elementary schooling was in place and the expansion of “comprehensive” secondary education had begun. After World War II, a similar pattern of growth in higher education began to take shape. Increasingly called “postsecondary schooling,” the kinds of organizations offering this level of education were diverse, with a large expansion of public institutions, two- and four-year degree programs, and a robust private sector. As this expansion has taken place, the content of schooling, as well as the forms it has assumed, has grown. The questions scholars have asked about this phenomenon include “why has it taken place?” and “what are its consequences?” This article will focus on the literature documenting the expansion of schooling in the United States, the explanations that have been developed for this expansion, and assessments of its consequences. “Functional” (including human capital) explanations have stressed the technical demands of the labor market as the economy has moved from one based on extraction of resources (like farming) to manufacturing, and on to service activities. This view asserts that formal schooling needed to be expanded to transfer the cognitive skills required to attain independent adult status in the new economy. Alternatively, “conflict” theories see education as a tool used by competing groups to exclude nonmembers from eligibility for positions that provide high rewards. Dominant groups shape educational expectations and content in ways that privilege their own members, thus sustaining their dominance. Finally, “neo-institutional” explanations emphasize how education has become the chief legitimate mechanism for selection of people to adult statuses in society. These perspectives include a vast literature into which this essay will provide entrée. After assaying the theoretical literature, this report will examine the consequences of educational expansion for some specific educational topics, including early childhood education, the “college for all” movement, women in higher education, and the rise of community colleges and for-profit colleges.

scholarly journals Guidance Behind Criticisms: The Good Parenting as Portrayed in the First Malay Autobiography

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Rahimah Hamdan ◽  
Arba’ie Sujud
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Form ◽  
The One ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper was aimed at identifying the guidance to parenting that emerged in the first Malay autobiography, the Hikayat Abdullah, and subsequently, to analyse those instructions on parenting in the context of the traditional Malay society of the 19th century. The recognition accorded to Abdullah Munshi as the Father of Modern Malay Literature has attracted various reactions from scholars. Some scholars regard Abdullah Munshi as the one who brought renewal to Malay literature through his courageous criticism of the customs and culture that had been in practice for generations. On the other hand, there are scholars who disapprove of that recognition being given to him and who consider Abdullah Munshi’s criticisms in his works as a deviation from the reality expressed in previous works. Nevertheless, not a single study has suggested that perhaps Abdullah Munshi firmly emphasized those criticisms with the intention of providing some sort of guidance. Hence, by analysing certain texts in the Hikayat Abdullah and by reviewing the evidence from the perspective of Swettenham (1895), who objectively evaluated the thinking and culture of the Malay community, this study was able to rectify the image of Abdullah Munshi, who, all this while, was considered to be pro-British because of his harsh criticism of the Malay community. Moreover, those criticisms were meant to provide guidance for the family institution, especially for parents. This indirectly proves that Abdullah Munshi took a serious view of parenting and believed that improvements were necessary to produce a dignified and civilized generation. In conclusion, the autobiography, the Hikayat Abdullah, was not just a new form of writing that deviated from the conventions of traditional Malay literature, but was the fruit of the wisdom of the author that was meant to benefit his readers.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of District School Students in the Kazan Governorate during the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
G.V. Ibneyeva ◽  
◽  
A.I. Shakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, changes that took place in the social structure of district school students in the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century were analyzed. It was shown that the social representation of district school students in the region under consideration changed under the influence of the government policy on education. With the help of numerous archival clerical documents, a complex study was performed to reconstruct the social image of a typical student attending any of the district schools in the Kazan governorate of that time. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the available archival sources, a percentage ratio of students from different social classes was determined. Changes in the size of each social class were determined using mathematical methods. It was concluded that district schools of the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century saw a gradual increase in the number of students representing various social classes (lower middle class, merchants, and peasants) from both urban and rural areas. At the same time, a rise in the number of students coming from the privileged social classes was also detected.

Emerging Modernities in 19th Century Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Shumway
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Slave Ships ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
The 19Th Century

While the single most consequential event in Africa during the 19th century was European colonization of the continent, most of the century was characterized by tremendous growth and innovation in African political and economic institutions, as well as the expansion of literacy and the development of enduring intellectual traditions. Many African societies were making strides toward the creation of new self-governing nations over the course of the 19th century, as the ending of the transatlantic slave trade made way for the development of new industries and commercial systems. Large powerful states governed in numerous places across the continent, including the Sokoto and Tukulor Empires, Asante, Dahomey, Egypt, Buganda, Bunyoro, and Ethiopia. Many African states had powerful armies and distinct political identities. The emergence of modernities in 19th-century Africa also came in the form of religious change. This era saw the expansion of Islam in rural areas of western, northern, and eastern Africa, accompanied by the rapid growth of Islamic education and literacy. At the same time, Christian mission societies facilitated the establishment of mission schools and colleges based on European institutions of higher education. The new class of mission-educated African elites included teachers, clergymen, doctors, civil servants, law clerks, journalists, private entrepreneurs, and academics. These individuals, mostly men, had a profound influence on African visions of modern nationhood, particularly in West and Southern Africa. In many ways, Africa was becoming modern in the decades prior to the European conquests of the late 19th century. For the purposes of this article, “modernity” refers to the cultural and social revolution that accompanied the rise of industrial capitalism and included an expansive universalism. The development of modernity in Africa and elsewhere was linked to the new age of science, economics, realism, rationalism, and humanism dawning toward the end of the 18th and start of the 19th century. In particular, the newly founded colonies of Sierra Leone and Liberia became centers for the diffusion of African-American cultural influence, as liberated former slaves and their descendants from the British Empire, the United States, maroon communities, and captured slave ships settled there. In order to appreciate the 19th-century development of African modernity, it is important to remember, as A. Adu Boahen once explained, that European colonization of the African continent occurred suddenly and unpredictably. As late as 1880, there was little indication that European nations intended to dramatically alter the map of Africa by force. Most African states and societies were entirely autonomous and controlled by their own rulers. The unexpected European conquest of African territories at the end of the 19th century thwarted much of the progress Africans had made throughout that century and arguably reversed key processes of modernization. And while colonial regimes also introduced new modernities into Africa, these were mainly destructive and exploitative in nature.

scholarly journals Interactive Web-Map of the European Freeway Junction A1/A4 Development with the Use of Archival Cartographic Sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Lorek ◽  
Tymoteusz Horbiński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Road Network ◽  
The Road ◽  
Web Map ◽  
Comprehensive Method ◽  
Road Corridors ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Web

In the article, authors have analyzed cartographic materials presenting the spatial development of Gliwice with the use of multimedia tools. The materials prove that this area has played an important part in the road system of the region, country and even part of Europe since the 19th century. The six maps from the studied area were analyzed e.g., the Urmesstischblätter map, polish topographic maps, and the OpenStreetMap. Based on these maps and their legends, vectorization of the main roads of the analyzed area was carried out. The evolution of the main road corridors on the six maps was analyzed with respect to the location of the European freeway junction (A1/A4), constituting a basis for the web map. According to the authors, the use of the interactive web map is the most comprehensive method of all technologies used by modern cartography. Spatial data collected from different cartographic publications (from the first half of the 19th century till the present) consider the most significant aspects of changes in the road network of the analyzed area in a detailed and user-friendly way.

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