scholarly journals No upward trend in normalised windstorm losses in Europe: 1970–2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Barredo
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Price Differences

Abstract. On 18 January 2007, windstorm Kyrill battered Europe with hurricane-force winds killing 47 people and causing 10 billion US$ in damage. Kyrill poses several questions: is Kyrill an isolated or exceptional case? Have there been events costing as much in the past? This paper attempts to put Kyrill into an historical context by examining large historical windstorm event losses in Europe for the period 1970–2008 across 29 European countries. It asks the question what economic losses would these historical events cause if they were to recur under 2008 societal conditions? Loss data were sourced from reinsurance firms and augmented with historical reports, peer-reviewed articles and other ancillary sources. Following the same conceptual approach outlined in previous studies, the data were then adjusted for changes in population, wealth, and inflation at the country level and for inter-country price differences using purchasing power parity. The analyses reveal no trend in the normalised windstorm losses and confirm increasing disaster losses are driven by societal factors and increasing exposure.

scholarly journals Normalised flood losses in Europe: 1970–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Barredo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Yugoslav Republic ◽  
Emergency Events ◽  
Flood Losses ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Price Differences

Abstract. This paper presents an assessment of normalised flood losses in Europe for the period 1970–2006. Normalisation provides an estimate of the losses that would occur if the floods from the past take place under current societal conditions. Economic losses from floods are the result of both societal and climatological factors. Failing to adjust for time-variant socio-economic factors produces loss amounts that are not directly comparable over time, but rather show an ever-growing trend for purely socio-economic reasons. This study has used available information on flood losses from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) and the Natural Hazards Assessment Network (NATHAN). Following the conceptual approach of previous studies, we normalised flood losses by considering the effects of changes in population, wealth, and inflation at the country level. Furthermore, we removed inter-country price differences by adjusting the losses for purchasing power parities (PPP). We assessed normalised flood losses in 31 European countries. These include the member states of the European Union, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Results show no detectable sign of human-induced climate change in normalised flood losses in Europe. The observed increase in the original flood losses is mostly driven by societal factors.

scholarly journals Tropical cyclone-related socio-economic losses in the western North Pacific region

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Welker ◽  
E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Loss Data

Abstract. The western North Pacific (WNP) is the area of the world most frequently affected by tropical cyclones (TCs). However, little is known about the socio-economic impacts of TCs in this region, probably because of the limited relevant loss data. Here, loss data from Munich RE's NatCatSERVICE database is used, a high-quality and widely consulted database of natural disasters. In the country-level loss normalisation technique we apply, the original loss data are normalised to present-day exposure levels by using the respective country's nominal gross domestic product at purchasing power parity as a proxy for wealth. The main focus of our study is on the question of whether the decadal-scale TC variability observed in the Northwest Pacific region in recent decades can be shown to manifest itself economically in an associated variability in losses. It is shown that since 1980 the frequency of TC-related loss events in the WNP exhibited, apart from seasonal and interannual variations, interdecadal variability with a period of about 22 yr – driven primarily by corresponding variations of Northwest Pacific TCs. Compared to the long-term mean, the number of loss events was found to be higher (lower) by 14% (9%) in the positive (negative) phase of the decadal-scale WNP TC frequency variability. This was identified for the period 1980–2008 by applying a wavelet analysis technique. It was also possible to demonstrate the same low-frequency variability in normalised direct economic losses from TCs in the WNP region. The identification of possible physical mechanisms responsible for the observed decadal-scale Northwest Pacific TC variability will be the subject of future research, even if suggestions have already been made in earlier studies.

scholarly journals Labour Productivity in Different Segments of Aircraft Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Leonid Sobolev
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Aircraft Industry ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
Market Relations

This article is devoted to the problem of labor productivity (LP) in various segments of the global aircraft industry over the past decade. Intense competition forces aircraft manufacturers to pursue a policy of saving resources (primarily, workforce) at the all stages of the life cycle of aircraft and to introduce innovative technologies, automation, and robots. In assessing the relative growth of LP, the inflation (relative to the base 2009) and the purchasing power parity (PPP) of national currencies relative to the dollar are taken into account. The analysis showed that the LP is different for aircraft market segments and depends on development of market relations in the countries-manufacturers. The author believes that the main difficulty to the LP growth in countries with developing markets are monopolism, weak management, and insufficient skills of engineers, marketers, and workers.

Learning from the Past: A Fifty-year Perspective on Pakistan’s Development (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 355-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvez Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Economic Ground ◽  
Per Capita

In some ways, Pakistan’s economic growth since 1947 has been remarkable. The country’s economic viability was considered, in some quarters,1 in serious doubt at its emergence, but it has managed, despite a quadrupling of the population, to bring about significant improvement in the average living standards. Per capita GNP growth, on average around 2 percent per annum over a long stretch of nearly fifty years, has been the best among countries of the subcontinent. This growth has meant an increase in average income of about 150 percent over 1950–96. But Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has not been able to narrow the gap between itself and rich industrial nations which have grown faster on a per head basis. Also, Pakistan has lost substantial economic ground to the rapidly growing economies of East Asia notably China, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. In 1960, South Korea’s per capita income was only marginally ahead of Pakistan’s. In the short period of one generation, Korea had an income level which on purchasing power parity basis five times that of Pakistan in 1995. On the same basis, Thailand and Malaysia enjoyed a per capita income advantage of 200 to 300 percent over Pakistan (Table 2).

scholarly journals AGGREGATE DEMAND IN UKRAINE: STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS IN THE NATIONAL CURRENCY AND IN PARITY INDICATORS

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Zhdanova
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
National Currency ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
The Past ◽  
Study Results

Introduction. Ukrainian GDP and its structural elements and trends in their changes over the past years of the XXI century are the subject of the study. Purpose. The aim of the work is to determine and compare the structural parts of aggregate demand in the national currency and on the basis of the purchasing power parity (PPP) of the currency for the past period of the XXI century. Method of work. Categorical apparatus of Keynesianism and using of statistical comparisons are methodological basis of the study. Results of work. The calculations show that in the economy of Ukraine there is a significant gap between the indicators of the aggregate demand in national currency and in PPP. Scope of results. The calculated parity indicators allow correctly compare the national economy in its dynamics over time and compare it with the economies of different countries in space, which is necessary to develop effective economic policy, as well as to provide with reliable information the expert community, government, researchers, leaders of business. Conclusions. The structure of aggregate demand, calculated in parity indicators, does not coincide with the corresponding indicators calculated in the national currency. The gap between these indicators in developed countries is small, while in post-transformation and, above all, in Ukraine – very significant. The general pattern is a higher share of accumulation in GDP calculated in national currency than in PPP. Accordingly, the share of final total consumption expenditures in GDP is higher when calculating in PPP. Comparison of accumulation structure in developed and post-transformational countries has scientific potential. Thus, the share of accumulation as a part of GDP calculated in parity indicators in developed countries is maintained at 16-22%, and the cost of machinery and equipment – at 5-8%. Approximately the same indicators remain in the calculations in national currency. Post-transformation economies, if the calculations are made in the national currency, show a structure of GDP and accumulation quite close to those of developed countries. However, under the PPP, post-transformation economies provide a much smaller share of GNP and machinery and equipment in GDP – 9-18% and 2-6%, respectively. This distortion is due to a significant deviation of the official exchange rate of the national currency from its purchasing power parity.

Global differences in cancer drug prices: A comparative analysis.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. LBA6500-LBA6500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Goldstein ◽  
Jonathon Clark ◽  
Yifan Tu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Fenqi Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Drug Price ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
Monthly Drug

LBA6500 Background: Cancer drug prices are different in every country in the world, however, little is known about the magnitude of these differences. The primary objective of this study was to describe the differences in prices globally. The secondary objective was to understand ability to pay, using gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity (GDPcap), as a surrogate. Methods: We calculated monthly drug doses for 23 cancer drugs, 15 of which are available generically. We then calculated monthly drug prices from 6 countries on 5 different continents: Australia (AUS), China (CHI), India (IND), South Africa (SA), United Kingdom (UK), and United States (US). Given the lack of availability of discounted prices, we used list prices in order to make appropriate comparisons. Prices were obtained from locally and nationally recognized institutions. The monthly cost was converted to US$ at the exchange rate ruling on 19 January 2016. We obtained GDPcap data for each country from the International Monetary Fund, in order to estimate the monthly drug price as a percentage of GDPcap. Results: Results are displayed in the table. The median monthly patented drug price ranged from US$1515 (IND) to $8694 (US). The median monthly generic drug price ranged from US$120 (SA) to $654 (US). The median monthly % of GDPcap for patented drugs ranged from 71% (AUS) to 313% (IND). The median monthly % of GDPcap for generic drugs ranged from 3% (AUS) to 48% (CHI). Detailed information regarding specific drugs will be presented. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in drug prices globally. Despite lower prices in poorer countries, both generic and patented drugs appear to be less affordable in poorer countries. Price differences likely have some impact on access to care within individual countries. [Table: see text]

The spatial price map of India drawn using pseudo unit values

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Majumder ◽  
Ranjan Ray ◽  
Sattwik Santra
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Price Information ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spatial Price ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
Demographic Effects

Purpose This study aims to apply a proposed methodology for calculating spatial prices in a heterogeneous country setting such as India with limited price information. Based on the empirical evidence, the study plans to draw the spatial price map of India with different colours denoting states and districts with varying level of spatial prices. Design/methodology/approach This study shows that a procedure proposed by Lewbel (1989), based on the idea by Barten (1964) that household composition changes have “quasi-price effects”, can be used to estimate spatial prices in the absence of information on regional prices. Findings The evidence on spatial price differences in India, which is the most comprehensive to date because it goes down to district level, shows that the proposed procedure has considerable potential in future applications on other data sets with limited price information. The policy importance of the results is underlined by the sensitivity of the demand elasticities to the inclusion/omission of spatial price variation. Research limitations/implications The study uses “pseudo unit values” based on household composition and demographic effects on demand as proxy for the missing price information. While the work of Atella et al. (2004) suggests that such proxies are accurate representations of true prices, nevertheless, they are proxies and the results should be treated with caution. Practical implications The evidence on spatial prices in India that point to a high degree of price heterogeneity between regions implies that welfare applications such as income distributional and poverty studies must take account of the price heterogeneity within the country. The implications extend beyond India to cross-country exercises such as the purchasing power parity calculations undertaken by the International Comparison Project. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that provide evidence on spatial price heterogeneity within a country without requiring regional price information. Methodologically, the paper builds on the suggestion of Lewbel (RES, 1989) in showing how the demographic effects on household expenditure pattern can be used to estimate spatial prices. The value of the contribution lies in the use that the estimated spatial prices can be put to in calculating inequality and poverty rates and in standard of living comparisons between regions in the country.

scholarly journals The economic consequences of neurosurgical disease in low- and middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Rudolfson ◽  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Kee B. Park ◽  
Mark G. Shrime ◽  
John G. Meara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Low And Middle Income

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to estimate the economic consequences of neurosurgical disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).METHODSThe authors estimated gross domestic product (GDP) losses and the broader welfare losses attributable to 5 neurosurgical disease categories in LMICs using two distinct economic models. The value of lost output (VLO) model projects annual GDP losses due to neurosurgical disease during 2015–2030, and is based on the WHO’s “Projecting the Economic Cost of Ill-health” tool. The value of lost economic welfare (VLW) model estimates total welfare losses, which is based on the value of a statistical life and includes nonmarket losses such as the inherent value placed on good health, resulting from neurosurgical disease in 2015 alone.RESULTSThe VLO model estimates the selected neurosurgical diseases will result in $4.4 trillion (2013 US dollars, purchasing power parity) in GDP losses during 2015–2030 in the 90 included LMICs. Economic losses are projected to disproportionately affect low- and lower-middle-income countries, risking up to a 0.6% and 0.54% loss of GDP, respectively, in 2030. The VLW model evaluated 127 LMICs, and estimates that these countries experienced $3 trillion (2013 US dollars, purchasing power parity) in economic welfare losses in 2015. Regardless of the model used, the majority of the losses can be attributed to stroke and traumatic brain injury.CONCLUSIONSThe economic impact of neurosurgical diseases in LMICs is significant. The magnitude of economic losses due to neurosurgical diseases in LMICs provides further motivation beyond already compelling humanitarian reasons for action.

Moving Figures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Kai Nelson Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Structures Of Feeling ◽  
Raymond Williams

This book examines how the films of the Chinese Sixth Generation filmmaker Jia Zhangke evoke the affective “felt” experience of China’s contemporary social and economic transformations, by examining the class figures of worker, peasant, soldier, intellectual, and entrepreneur that are found in the films. Each chapter analyzes a figure’s socio-historical context, its filmic representation, and its recurring cinematic tropes in order to understand how they create what Raymond Williams calls “structures of feeling” – feelings that concretize around particular times, places, generations, and classes that are captured and evoked in art – and charts how this felt experience has changed over the past forty years of China’s economic reforms. The book argues that that Jia’s cinema should be understood not just as narratives that represent Chinese social change, but also as an effort to engage the audience’s emotional responses during this period of China’s massive and fast-paced transformation.

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