Learning from the Past: A Fifty-year Perspective on Pakistan’s Development (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4I) ◽  
pp. 355-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvez Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Economic Ground ◽  
Per Capita

In some ways, Pakistan’s economic growth since 1947 has been remarkable. The country’s economic viability was considered, in some quarters,1 in serious doubt at its emergence, but it has managed, despite a quadrupling of the population, to bring about significant improvement in the average living standards. Per capita GNP growth, on average around 2 percent per annum over a long stretch of nearly fifty years, has been the best among countries of the subcontinent. This growth has meant an increase in average income of about 150 percent over 1950–96. But Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has not been able to narrow the gap between itself and rich industrial nations which have grown faster on a per head basis. Also, Pakistan has lost substantial economic ground to the rapidly growing economies of East Asia notably China, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. In 1960, South Korea’s per capita income was only marginally ahead of Pakistan’s. In the short period of one generation, Korea had an income level which on purchasing power parity basis five times that of Pakistan in 1995. On the same basis, Thailand and Malaysia enjoyed a per capita income advantage of 200 to 300 percent over Pakistan (Table 2).

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON INEQUALITY IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Furqan Ali ◽  
Mohammad Asif
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The rate of economic growth in India fluctuates with the world economic scenario. The developed countries being economically stable and highly advanced by technology, like U.S.A, France, Germany, Japan, and China faced the problem of economic crises. At the same time, the world comes to fluctuate their efficiency and empowerment to the leadership engagement in stabilizing the economy. In this paper, data taken from the Indian States as per capita income at the state level and compare it with all India average data. The Net State Domestic Product Per Capita Income (NSDPPCI), had taken on a current price for the short period 2011-2012 to 2016-2017. This paper compared the regional variation in state performance and compared the most riches states to inferior ones. The factors which affect economic performance are like stabilize the political stability in the state. We also focus comparison on the different political party announcements of the welfare scheme for the farmers and other poor people living in these states. Another factor like the level of education at states and center level, total population, and its growth rate, the public expenditure on the health sector. We measure income inequality, income distribution with the economic growth of India. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth; Inequality; Income Distribution; Political Stability.

scholarly journals Divergence, Big Time

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lant Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Per Capita

Historical data are unnecessary to demonstrate that perhaps the basic fact of modern economic history is massive absolute divergence in per capita income across countries. A plausible lower bound on per capita income can be combined with estimates of its current level in the poorer countries to place an upper bound on long-run income growth. Between 1870 and 1990, the ratio of richest to poorest countries' income increased from roughly 9 to 1 to 45 to 1, the standard deviation of (natural log) per capita income doubled, and the average income gap between the richest and all other countries grew nearly tenfold from $1,286 to $12,000.

Optimization Models of Predicting the Per Capita Income of Urban Residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 2589-2592
Author(s):  
Cong Jun Rao
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Important Measurement ◽  
Satisfactory Prediction

The per capita income of urban residents reflects the improvement of actual urban residents living standards and social stability, which is important measurement degree of a countrys economic development. Aiming at the problem of predicting the per capita income of urban residents, this paper presents a grey GM(1,1) prediction model and a grey Markov prediction model, and gives a prediction application together with the specific data of Chinese per capita income of urban residents from the year of 1991 to 2010, and it obtains satisfactory prediction results.

scholarly journals Measuring GDP and Economic Growth: An Economic Barometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Alpa Tarun Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
8Th Edition

This essay based on Michaele Parkin, Macroeconomics, 8th edition. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

scholarly journals Global Disparities Since 1800: Trends and Regional Patterns

2006 ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shahid Alam
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Per Capita

This paper reviews the growing body of evidence on the relative economic standing of different regions of the world in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In general, it does not find support for Euro-centric claims regarding Western Europe’s early economic lead. The Eurocentric claims are based primarily on estimates of per capita income, which are plagued by conceptual problems, make demands on historical data that are generally unavailable, and use questionable assumptions to reconstruct early per capita income. A careful examination of these conjectural estimates of per capita income, however, does not support claims that Western Europe had a substantial lead over the rest of the world at the beginning of the nineteenth century. An examination of several alternative indices of living standards in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries—such as real wages, labor productivity in agriculture, and urbanization—also fails to confirm claims of European superiority. In addition, this paper examines the progress of global disparities—including the presence of regional patterns—using estimates of per capita income.

A Comparison of Levels of GDP Per Capita in Developed and Developing Countries, 1700–1980

1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Maddison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

This paper examines the evolution of the per capita income gap between developed and developing countries. Landes and Kuznets suggest that Western countries already had a big lead before their economic growth accelerated, but Bairoch has recently claimed that European living standards in the mid-eighteenth century were lower than in the rest of the world. I think the existing evidence supports the Landes-Kuznets position, and that Bairoch probably overstates the contemporary income gap and understates per capita income growth in the developing world. But there are contradictory elements in the evidence, on which further research is needed.

The Italian Economy Before Unification, 1300–1861

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Malanima
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Italy played a central role in the Euro-Mediterranean economy during Antiquity, the late Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Until the end of the 16th century, the Italian economy was relatively advanced compared with those of the Western European and Mediterranean countries. From the 17th century until the end of the 19th, GDP rose as the population increased. Yet per capita income slowly diminished together with real wages, urbanization, and living standards. Italy lost its central position in the Euro-Mediterranean world and, until the end of the 19th century, was a relatively backward area on the periphery of the most dynamic countries in the north and center of Europe. The Italian premodern economy represents a classic example of extensive growth or GDP growth without improvement in per capita income and living standards.

Population, Technology, and Economic Growth in the Roman World

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Erdkamp
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Returns To Labour

Archaeological data that show radically increased levels of consumption are combined with economic theory regarding population, technology, and economic growth. The purpose of this exercise is to understand both the scope and constraints of per-capita income, living standards, and consumption in a context of population growth. Malthusian models on economic and demographic developments in preindustrial societies have been fiercely debated by economic historians working on later periods. The fixity of land and the diminishing returns to labour were indeed constraining factors, but the more important factor was the ability of the economy to respond positively to the stimulus of population growth. The role of technological changes should not be overestimated, though. The most important technological progress in the Roman world does not concern new inventions, but the wider implementation of knowledge that had been available for centuries. Investment in human capital and innovation were no obstacles, as they were responses to rather than causes or preconditions of economic growth. An increase in output in the Roman economy can to a large extent be explained by the transfer of underemployed agricultural labour to more intensively utilized urban and rural non-agricultural labour. Against prevailing Malthusian views, it is argued that a significant rise in per-capita income in the Roman world resulted in higher average living standards and different consumption patterns, which in turn significantly changed the conditions not only of manufacturing and trade, but also of investment and innovation.

scholarly journals Relationship between Panic Buying and Per Capita Income during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9968
Author(s):  
Hugo T. Y. Yoshizaki ◽  
Irineu de Brito Junior ◽  
Celso Mitsuo Hino ◽  
Larrisa Limongi Aguiar ◽  
Maria Clara Rodrigues Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Panic buying and hoarding express common human behavior in times of crisis. Early in COVID-19, as the pandemic crisis intensified, toilet paper was one of the emblematic cases of panic buying. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to cross official per capita income data and real toilet paper transactions obtained from groceries spread around the city of São Paulo (Brazil), this study compares sales levels during the period in which panic purchases took place to the sales levels off that period. As expected, that data disclose noticeable panic buying. Regression analysis reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between average income per capita and panic buying. The results also indicate that panic buying happens in every income class, including low-income ones and contribute to enhancing the understanding of demand behavior during periods of crisis.

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