scholarly journals Human Mobility Towards Turkey: A Retrospective Endeavor to Understand

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Merve Suzan ILIK BİLBEN
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
First Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Migrants ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global World ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Target Country

Last decade, Turkey experienced the most extensive migration raids in its history. The transition of Turkey from a migrant-sending country to a transit and target country is one of the most referenced periodization practices in the literature. However, Anatolia has a history of migration with very different experiences by its location. Human mobility is inherent to the structure of this geography, even though its quality and quantity have changed and transformed in the historical process. Therefore, it is important to understand that Turkey, which is home to the most significant number of forced migrants in the twenty-first century, is historically a country of migration. Hence, in this article that attempts to understand human mobility towards Turkey, we have focused on Turkey's changing position on the international migration scheme after summarizing the migration flows before and during the republic period to capture the holistic perspective. Based on the current research, reports, and statistical data, this article seeks a better understanding of the possibility and sustainability of social cohesion and integration in Turkey, in a global world characterized by uncertainties, risks, and pursuits.

The Roman Garden

1950 ◽  
Vol 19 (57) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
James Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Private Life ◽  
First Century ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
Almost All

Aman's character is judged not merely by his public services and his political views but also by his private life and individual interests. Similarly the history of a nation is to be read not only in its military exploits, its constitutional experiments, its art and literature, but also in the social habits and predominant interests of its citizens. Just as a garden mirrors the character of its owner, so the gardens of a nation reflect the character and the degree of advancement of the State. It is no coincidence that the popular garden of the Roman Republic was the simple kitchen garden, while under the Empire pretentious landscape gardens were the vogue. The vitalizing energy of the Republic found an outlet in the productive vegetable plot: the elaborate but sterile gardens of the Empire were symbolic of incipient decay.Until the first century b.c. almost all Roman gardens were cottage gardens. Their plan and culture were governed solely by practical needs. From them the mistress of the house used to replenish her larder and medicine-chest and adorn the family shrine with flowers. Pliny the Elder reminds the luxury-seeking populace of a later date that in the past at Rome a garden was the poor man's estate: it was the only market he had from which to provide himself with food. The prime function of a garden was to make its owner self-sufficient. This self-sufficiency was more easy of attainment in ancient Italy than in more northerly countries, for the diet of the Romans consisted, for the most part, of salads.

scholarly journals HISTORI PEMBERLAKUAN PERADILAN AGAMA ERA KERAJAAN ISLAM DAN PENJAJAHAN DI INDONESIA

Al-Qadha ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Faisal
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time ◽  
Religious Courts

The journey of the Religious Courts that has been passed in such a long period oftime means that we are talking about the past, namely the history of the Religious Courts.With the entry of Islam into Indonesia, which for the first time in the first century Hijri (1 H /7 AD) brought directly from Arabia by merchants from Mecca and Medina, the communitybegan to implement the teachings and rules of Islamic religion in everyday life. The ReligiousCourt is one of the Special Courts under the authority of the Supreme Court as the highestcourt in the Republic of Indonesia. As an Islamic Judiciary that had been established longbefore Indonesia's independence, the Religious Courts certainly could not be separated fromthe changes that occurred considering the reign of the Government of Indonesia had been heldby various people with different backgrounds, politics and goals, surely it would have animpact on the existence Religious Courts both materially and immaterially, including duringthe Dutch and Japanese colonial rule in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Trends in Internal Migration in The Republic of Belarus

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Maria Dragun
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
City Village

The article presents the main trends of internal irrevocable migration in the Republic of Belarus. The normative legal acts regulating the studied problems are considered, in particular, information is provided on the approval of the project “Village of the Future”; a development plan for regions lagging behind in socio-economic development; measures to promote the development of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas. The assessment of the existing internal migration flows in the Republic of Belarus over the past twenty years has been carried out by studying and analyzing official statistical data posted on the website of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. The intensity coefficient of intra-republican migration is calculated, which allows determining the dynamics of the migration movement, regardless of changes in the population. In order to identify the position of a particular region and the city of Minsk relative to the country as a whole, calculations of the migration attractiveness index were carried out. The population movements between territorial units and in the directions (“city – city”, “city – village”, “village – city”, “village – village”) are analyzed. It is concluded that in the study period, migration flows from city to city prevail, and the outflow of population from village to city continues, but since 2016, the intensity of urban growth at the expense of the rural population has decreased, which is a new trend. Migration relations between the regions of the Republic of Belarus have been studied and analyzed, illustrations have been developed that clearly reflect the population flows within the country. Based on the analysis, the conclusion is formulated that internal migration in the Republic of Belarus has a centripetal character, since the main share of migration flows falls on the metropolitan-central region. It is revealed that this direction of internal migration flows correlates with the index of migration attractiveness (hereinafter-IMP). It is established that the population growth of the city of Minsk and the Minsk region occurs at the expense of all regions (Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno,Mogilev); in turn, the city of Minsk is also replenished at the expense of the population that originally arrived in the Minsk region. The author has recorded another trend – the migration increase to the capital has decreased over the past five years. Based on the results of the study, the author came to the conclusion that further work is needed to expand and consolidate the set of measures aimed at improving the socio-economic living conditions in the regions and rural areas.

scholarly journals The History of Migration from Turkey to Western Europe: A Multi-theoretical Analysis of the Routes to Germany and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Mehmet Rauf Kesici
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Migration Theories ◽  
History Of Migration

Since the existing research on migration from Turkey to Western Europe does not employ multiple theoretical perspectives, this article, based on two field studies, focuses on the changing phases and forms of this human mobility by utilising a number of relevant international migration theories. The article examines the uncovered socio-economic, demographic, and political aspects of migration from Turkey to Germany and the United Kingdom and unpacks how the parameters and motives for these two routes have changed from a comparative historical perspective. In this way, it deepens the discussion on the factors and circumstances leading to migration and demonstrates that while individual, household, and historical-structural distinctions and conflicts initiate human mobility, it is perpetuated by ongoing differences, a culture of migration, networks, and ethnic economies.

scholarly journals La sobrerrepresentación de escolares de nacionalidad extranjera en el grupo de alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cama
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Disproportionate Representation ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
International Context ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Italian Education

El trabajo que presentamos forma parte de una investigación que pretende estudiar la posible sobrerrepresentación de alumnos con antecedentes de migración dentro del colectivo de escolares con “necesidades educativas especiales” en el sistema educativo italiano.Con el desarrollo de una etnografía en diversos centros escolares de una ciudad del sur de Italia y en contacto con las administraciones educativas y su producción normativa, pretendemos dar algunas explicaciones a esta aparente desproporcionada representación. Después de presentar un conjunto de datos estadísticos del contexto internacional nos detenemos en los detalles de las estadísticas generales para Italia. A partir de ello describimos quiénes son los sujetos de “educación especial” en el sistema escolar de este país y presentamos los discursos de un grupo de profesorado y de técnicos con el fin de explicar las probables causas de esta sobrerrepresentación.  This work is part of a research that seeks to investigate the possible overrepresentation of students with a history of migration within the group of students with “special educational needs” in the Italian education system.With the development of ethnographic research in various schools of a city of Southern Italy, and in contact with school administrations and ministerial regulatory production, we intend to provide some explanations for this apparently disproportionate representation. After presenting a set of statistical data from the international context, we dwell upon the details of general statistical data for Italy. From this, we then move on describing who is the target group of “special education” in the school system of this country, and presenting the speeches of a group of teachers and technical experts, in order to explain the possible underlying causes of this overrepresentation.

scholarly journals Risk of first-episode psychosis in migrants to the Republic of Ireland

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Brian O'Donoghue ◽  
John Lyne ◽  
Eric Roche ◽  
Nathan Mifsud ◽  
Laoise Renwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Census Data ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
History Of Migration

Abstract Background Migration is an established risk factor for developing a psychotic disorder in countries with a long history of migration. Less is known for countries with only a recent history of migration. This study aimed to determine the risk for developing a psychotic disorder in migrants to the Republic of Ireland. Methods We included all presentations of first-episode psychosis over 8.5 years to the DETECT Early Intervention for psychosis service in the Republic of Ireland (573 individuals aged 18–65, of whom 22% were first-generation migrants). Psychotic disorder diagnosis relied on SCID. The at-risk population was calculated using census data, and negative binomial regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios. Results The annual crude incidence rate for a first-episode psychotic disorder in the total cohort was 25.62 per 100000 population at risk. Migrants from Africa had a nearly twofold increased risk for developing a psychotic disorder compared to those born in the Republic of Ireland (IRR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.11–3.02, p = 0.02). In contrast, migrants from certain Asian countries had a reduced risk, specifically those from China, India, Philippines, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Hong Kong (aIRR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.81, p = 0.01). Conclusions Further research into the reasons for this inflated risk in specific migrant groups could produce insights into the aetiology of psychotic disorders. This information should also be used, alongside other data on environmental risk factors that can be determined from census data, to predict the incidence of psychotic disorders and thereby resource services appropriately.

2. The Sources of Roman Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-62
Author(s):  
Paul J. du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Specific Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter discusses the sources of Roman law. It covers sources of law in the archaic period; sources of law in the Republic; sources of law in the Empire; the post-classical era; and Justinian’s codification of Roman law. It is difficult to provide a comprehensive and finite list of the sources of Roman law, since the Roman jurists never defined the term ‘source of law’ and different sources were emphasized at certain periods in the history of the Roman legal system to reflect their prominence as instruments of legal reform. There are three statements in which the sources of Roman law are listed, seemingly without any specific order. The earliest is by Cicero in the first century BC. The second is a comment by the second-century jurist Gaius in his Institutes. The latter was adopted and amended in Justinian’s Institutes of the sixth century AD.

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