scholarly journals Nominal Conceptualism and Logical Modelling of Agents’ Conceptions

Author(s):  
Farshad Badie

In the view of my philosophical position ‘nominal conceptualism’, cognitive/knowledge agents, who are in some way aware of expressing the world based on their mental concepts, deal with their linguistic and/or symbolic expressions. In this paper I rely on nominal concep- tualism to logically characterise agents’ concept-based descriptions of the world and analyse a undamental logical system for conception representation.

Author(s):  
Cyril Pshenichny

The theory of multitudes pretends to be an alternative to virtually all existing versions of the set theory and claims to better handle the knowledge about changing and evolving world. Then, by analogy, one may expect an original logical system based on the theory of multitudes, and within this logic, an authentic calculus. This chapter presents such calculus. Moreover, a new mathematical methodology can be developed on top of it, which together with the underlying logic, should clearly separate qualitative and quantitative, static and dynamic concerns and offer a formal method to proceed from representation of expert knowledge to modeling the world this knowledge is about.


2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (127) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Lorenz B. Puntel

A palavra ‘metafísica’ na filosofia contemporânea tem um uso equívoco, mais exatamente: caótico. Em consequência disso, usos derivados como ‘não-metafísico’, ‘antimetafísco’ e ‘pós-metafísico’ não têm um sentido claro. O presente artigo não intenciona criar clareza sobre esta situação complicada. Com vista à sua finalidade, ele só focaliza o sentido que Habermas confere à palavra ‘metafísica’ e ao seu pensamento, ao qualificá-lo como ‘pós-metafísico’. O artigo mostra que Habermas essencialmente identifica metafísica com a filosofia moderna da subjetividade e da consciência, tanto na perspectiva transcendental como na perspectiva do idealismo alemão absoluto. Assim, a palavra ‘pós-metafísico’, aplicada a Habermas, significa o que está além da metafísica, como esta é entendida por ele; não pode significar o que, na longa história da filosofia, foi chamado de “metafísica”. O artigo primeiramente investiga e critica detalhadamente os dois caminhos seguidos por Habermas para chegar à sua postura pós-metafísica. O primeiro é um enfoque histórico-filosófico que faz certa violência aos autores interpretados e que conduz Habermas à conclusão que o pensamento metafísico é claramente obsoleto. Este enfoque, repetidamente por ele exposto, parte sempre de Kant e tem como seu ponto de chegada a postura filosófica de Habermas mesmo. O outro enfoque tem um caráter temático baseado em duas assunções fundamentais e de grande alcance. Segundo a primeira assunção, de caráter metodológico, a razão e a racionalidade são entendidas e aplicadas com um sentido puramente e estritamente procedural (razão/ racionalidade comunicativa). A segunda assunção, relativa ao conteúdo, estatui que o único objeto temático apropriado da filosofia é a dimensão da interacão entre sujeitos humanos ou seja da práctica social ou comunicativa própria do mundo-da-vida. A mais importante secção do artigo, a secção 3, apresenta uma crítica mais pormenorizada do pensamento pós-metafísico de Habermas. Nela se investigam três temas centrais da filosofia habermasiana e se evidenciam três falhas fundamentais da sua postura pós-metafísica. O artigo mostra que se trata de posicionamentos ou temas filosóficos, para os quais Habermas, devido à sua posição pós-metafísica, não está capacitado a elaborar uma solução esclarecedora. O primeiro posicionamento ou tema é a não-elaboração de um conceito de Mundo (com “M” maiúsculo) como a dimensão que unifica e possibilita a relação entre a dimensão da verdade e a dimensão do mundo-como-a-totalidade-dosobjetos. O segundo posicionamento ou tema é o naturalismo fraco” defendido por Habermas em base de uma distinção não-esclarecida entre o “mundo natural” e o “mundo-da-vida”. O terceiro tema ou posicionamento, ao qual Habermas se tem dedicado especialmente nos últimos anos, é a conjunção ou conexão ambígua e obscura entre a rejeição incondicional da metafísica e a (re)avaliação da religião. Estes três temas ou posicionamentos constituem três dicotomias que permanecem sem esclarecimento no pensamento do filósofo alemão. Uma tentativa de esclarecê-las consistiria em elaborar um conceito irrestrito de razão ou racionalidade e de teoria e de tematizar um conceito de Mundo como a dimensão que abarca os dois polos de cada uma das dicotomias. A execução desta tarefa teria como resultado uma teoria, à qual, em termos tradicionais, se deveria atribuir um estatuto metafísico.Abstract: The term ‘metaphysics’ is used in contemporary philosophy equivocally or, more precisely, chaotically. As a consequence, uses of such derivative terms as Anonmetaphysical”, “antimetaphysical” and “postmetaphysical” are also chaotic. This paper makes no attempt to bring order to this chaos. Its focus is only on Habermas’s understanding of metaphysics and of his own thinking as postmetaphysical, in his sense. It shows that he often comes close to identifying metaphysics with the modern philosophy of subjectivity or consciousness. This makes clear that the term “postmetaphysical,” as Habermas uses it, means only, “beyond what Habermas calls ‘metaphysics’”— hence, most importantly, “beyond Kantian and post-Kantian philosophies of subjectivity.” It cannot mean, “beyond everything that, in the history of philosophy, has been called ‘metaphysics.’” The paper first examines and criticizes in detail Habermas’s two ways of arriving at and characterizing and explaining his postmetaphysical position. The historico-philosophical path takes the form of severely truncated considerations of the history of philosophy that lead him to conclude that metaphysical thinking is utterly obsolete; these considerations almost always begin with Kant and end with Habermas himself. The thematic path consists of two fundamental and far-reaching assumptions. According to his methodological assumption, reason and/ or rationality has a purely procedural character. His contentual assumption is that the dimension of social interaction and communicative practices, the human lifeworld, is the only real subject matter for philosophy. Section 3, the most important section of the paper, presents more narrowly focused critiques of Habermas’s postmetaphysical thinking. It addresses three central problems in his philosophy, and reveals highly significant shortcomings of his postmetaphysical philosophical position. It shows extensively that his treatments of these problems put him on paths that he cannot follow to their ends because of the narrow limits of his postmetaphysical approach. The first problem is the lack of a concept of World (with a capital “W”) as the unity of the dimension of truth and the dimension of world-as-the-totality-of-objects43.3.2.3 The missing concept of World (capital-W)) as the unity of truth dimension and world-as-the-totalityof-objects; the second problem is his weak naturalism and his unclarified distinction between the natural world and the lifeworld; the third problem is his ambiguous and incoherent conjunction of the rejection of metaphysics and the (re)evaluation of religion. These three problems involve dichotomies Habermas leaves unexplained. Explaining them would require him to elaborate non-restricted concepts of reason/rationality and theory, and to thematize the World, i.e., the dimension encompassing both poles of the dichotomies. Such elaboration and thematization would yield a theory that would be, in traditional terms, metaphysical.


2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Nepper Larsen

Ontology and epistemology will never be reconciled, this article argues. There is widespread opinion among scientists and laymen alike that we are standing at the threshold of a fusion and reconciliation of ontology (being, what the world is) and epistemology (acknowledgement theory, how the world is). But my thesis is that this will never happen – and my argument can be read as a credo for non-identity. The tensions between being and thinking are here to stay, and this philosophical ‘position’ has a wide range of implications for politics, education, Bildung and thinking. Strongly rooted in Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno’s philosophy, it is claimed that he was right in emphasizing that the non-identical must be honored, defended and emancipated. The vivid dream is that conceptual work opens and ‘dignifies’ the non-identical, while the non-identical ‘longs for’ conceptual assistance so it can come to exist among us.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Ekpenyong ◽  
Mercy Edoho ◽  
Udoinyang Inyang ◽  
Faith-Michael Uzoka ◽  
Itemobong Ekaidem ◽  
...  

Abstract Whereas accelerated attention beclouded early stages of the coronavirus spread, knowledge of actual pathogenicity and origin of possible sub-strains remained unclear. By harvesting the Global initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database (https://www.gisaid.org/), between December 2019 and August 20, 2020, a total of 157 human SARS-CoV-2 (complete) genome sequences processed by gender, across 6 continents of the world, were analyzed. We hypothesized that data speaks for itself and can discern true and explainable patterns of the disease. Identical genome diversity and pattern correlates analysis performed using a hybrid of biotechnology and machine learning methods corroborate multiple emergence of SARS-CoV-2 sub-strains and explained the diversity of the SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, some viral sub-strains progressively transformed into new sub-strain clusters indicating varying amino acid and strong nucleotide association derived from same origin. A novel approach to cognitive knowledge mining from enriched genome datasets and output targets labeling, helped intelligent prediction of emerging or new viral sub-strains.


Semiotika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 35-56
Author(s):  
Ksenija Kazarinova

The aim of this analysis is to show the way of sin formation in one’s mind. As illustration for it, the biblical text is chosen. The story of original sin is quite short, but mysterious. How does it happen that Adam and Eve choose evil instead of God? Are they thrown into the sin or construct it by their selves?Using the semiotics of passions the author of the article tries to show the mechanism of transformation of the subject’s conscious-ness. The doubt about God makes subject to choose another axio-logical system. What is more, he is trying to become god himself. The formation of sin goes through the main phases: communica-tion with the tempter and interest → the doubt about God → eu-phoric visions of the future → rebellion against God → rebellious action.The consequences of sin are painful and not such euphoric as it seemed before. The person loses the harmony with everything in the world, he can only feel his own nakedness and vulnerability. However, notwithstanding human betrayal, God makes everything to save the mankind.


1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-260
Author(s):  
M. Hazim Shah ibn Abdul Murad

The two books recently authored by Ernest Gellner and Akbar Ahmedon the subject of Islam and postrnodernism have attracted interest amongMuslims and non-Muslims. To me, it is a landmark in the continuing dialoguebetween Islam and the West. Has the rise of postmodernism in westernphilosophical thought meant an easier accommodation of Islam into contemporarywestern society, or is Islam intellectually at odds with the epistemologicalfoundations of postmodernism? These are some of the importantquestions addressed by Gellner and Ahmed. In view of the increasing culturaland intellectual globalization, not to mention the economic side, takingplace today, the place of Islam in contemporary thought and society can nolonger be safely isolated from "western" thought and culture.Unlike previous encounters, where victory was decided through militaryconfrontations, or in times of peace, where coexistence is maintainedthrough the separation of borders limiting influence and interaction, ours isa time when cultures and civilizations are interlocked. Hence, it is of theutmost importance that Muslims define their thought and philosophical positiondearly in relation to the West, if they insist on maintaining their identityand way of life in a world that is increasingly westernized. Part of theMuslim ummah's legitimacy derives from the sovereignty of its individualnations existing in the world community and from the intellectual strengthof its religious and philosophical position. Muslims cannot compromise onthat if they are to maintain their viability as an ummah in the contemporaryworld. Recent intellectual dialogues on Islam and the West, therefore,should acquire an important place in the Musim minds and agenda if theyare not to witness the further erosion of Islamic values and beliefs.In view of the importance of the discussions on Islam by Gellner andAhmed in their recent works, I now tum to an analysis of their books.Gellner on Islam, Rationalism, and PostmodernismAs opposed to previous binary polarities in history, Gellner believes thatour time is characterized by a competition between three irreducible ...


Author(s):  
Azamat Abdoullaev

The ultimate purpose of standard ontology is to describe and represent all the things in the world in comprehensive and consistent ways, whereby making the fundamental knowledge explicit to the formal reason of semantic systems and cognitive agents, natural, or artificial. To build such a formal universal framework capable of including the representation of anything, one can design a general system that includes a set-theoretic (logical) ontology constructed as a formal logical system composed of its objects-primitives (classes, individuals, and properties), logical syntax (notation techniques, formation and transformation rules), and formal semantics (model theory), as currently the Semantic Web formal languages and upper ontologies usually are constructing.


1985 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 225-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Park

Scepticism has fairly consistently had a bad press from those in a position of authority. The usual reasons for its disrepute are not themselves particularly reputable. They generally include at least the following claims: scepticism is a negative philosophy and hence incapable of making positive contributions to humanity, science, or religion; sceptics are nihilists who wreak havoc on social structure, science, and religion; and, though scepticism can on occasion be beneficial, the idea that we do not know anything is preposterous. These attitudes are widespread in the general populace but less common in the scientific community, where various ideas such as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle or Einstein's theory of relativity have made scepticism more acceptable. Although the usual reasons listed above might be remotely accurate representations of dogmatic scepticism, they completely misrepresent Pyrrhonic scepticism, that form of scepticism which has had most influence on Western civilization.The position taken here is that Pyrrhonic scepticism need not be considered primarily a philosophical position. Historically, it was set forth as a philosophical position but only because philosophy once encompassed all of humanity's attempts to arrive at knowledge. Today, when science has primary claim to including under its roof most of our attempts to wrest knowledge from the world, Pyrrhonic scepticism is more approp-priately viewed as a scientific position having general implications for scientific research.It is ironic that negative attitudes towards scepticism continue, since the dramatic historical failures of social structure, ethical beliefs, and human progress have been due to dogmatic pretensions of one sort or another, not to scepticism. This is not by chance. Scepticism is, after all, difficult to use as the justification for authority, obedience, or power.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Ekpenyong ◽  
Mercy Edoho ◽  
Udoinyang Inyang ◽  
Faith-Michael Uzoka ◽  
Itemobong Ekaidem ◽  
...  

Abstract Whereas accelerated attention beclouded early stages of the coronavirus spread, knowledge of actual pathogenicity and origin of possible sub-strains remained unclear. By harvesting the Global initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database (https://www.gisaid.org/), between December 2019 and August 20, 2020, a total of 157 human SARS-CoV-2 (complete) genome sequences processed by gender, across 6 continents of the world, were analyzed. We hypothesized that data speaks for itself and can discern true and explainable patterns of the disease. Identical genome diversity and pattern correlates analysis performed using a hybrid of biotechnology and machine learning methods corroborate multiple emergence of SARS-CoV-2 sub-strains and explained the diversity of the SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, some viral sub-strains progressively transformed into new sub-strain clusters indicating varying amino acid and strong nucleotide association derived from same origin. A novel approach to cognitive knowledge mining from enriched genome datasets and output targets labeling, helped intelligent prediction of emerging or new viral sub-strains.


Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Barry M. O’Reilly

This article will examine the unnamed and potentially devastating constraining effect of software on human autonomy. I call this concept residual causality, where software design decisions made long ago in different circumstances for different reasons constrain human action in an unknown future. The less aware the designers of software systems are of complexity in social systems, the more likely they are to introduce residual causality. The introduction of intricate, ordered machines, to a world largely defined by disorder and heuristics, has caused philosophical perturbations that we have not fully dealt with. The machine in the ghost is the belief that machine thinking can be applied to the environment in which the machine will operate. As hyperconnectivity increases, the ghost becomes more unpredictable, unmanageable, and even less like the machine. If we continue to indulge the machine view of the world, the design of software systems presents real dangers to the autonomy of the individual and the functioning of our societies. The steadfastness of machine ontologies in the philosophies of software architects risks creating increasing residual causality as hyperconnectivity increases. Shifting the philosophical position of software architects opens up the possibility of discovering new methods that make it easier to avoid these dangers.


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