scholarly journals Innovation of Energy Technologies of Food Raw Material Dehydration and Extraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Burdo ◽  
◽  
Ilya Sirotyuk ◽  
Maxim Shcherbich ◽  
Aleksandr Akimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption

The researchings of raw material dehydration and extraction are analyzed. The energy problems of product dehydration processes are analyzed. It is shown that recent trends in the development of heat and mass transfer technology are associated with the use of electromagnetic energy generators. The aim of the work is reduction of energy consumption during liquid phase removing from solid plant raw material and reduction of product losses from oil-containing food-industry waste. Achievement of this aim lies with a hypothesis that the use of electromagnetic energy sources in the process of removing moisture from food raw material containing a solid phase will allow to form an additional flow of the liquid phase, in addition to the traditional outlet of the vapor phase. The driving force of such a flow is the effect resulting from the local dissipation of electromagnetic energy in the solid phase volume. A mathematical model of the dehydration process is presented and a set of experimental studies was carried out, which confirmed the validity of the hypothesis. The most significant result of the work is proof of the possibility to organize modes when the juice yield is 4 times higher than the steam yield and, accordingly, to reduce energy consumption for product dehydration. The scientific significance of the obtained results is that a new effect was obtained in the work, which the authors called parodynamic. The practical significance of the work consists of proposing of the technological line for processing oilcontaining waste: coffee sludge, coffee beans husk, reagents (clay and perlite).

SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGEN IN ACOUSTOPLASMA DISCHARGE IN A LIQUID-PHASE STREAM

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Bulychev
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Plasma Discharge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
External Power Source ◽  
Phase Medium

In this paper, the plasma discharge in a high-pressure fluid stream in order to produce gaseous hydrogen was studied. Methods and equipment have been developed for the excitation of a plasma discharge in a stream of liquid medium. The fluid flow under excessive pressure is directed to a hydrodynamic emitter located at the reactor inlet where a supersonic two-phase vapor-liquid flow under reduced pressure is formed in the liquid due to the pressure drop and decrease in the flow enthalpy. Electrodes are located in the reactor where an electric field is created using an external power source (the strength of the field exceeds the breakdown threshold of this two-phase medium) leading to theinitiation of a low-temperature glow quasi-stationary plasma discharge.A theoretical estimation of the parameters of this type of discharge has been carried out. It is shown that the lowtemperature plasma initiated under the flow conditions of a liquid-phase medium in the discharge gap between the electrodes can effectively decompose the hydrogen-containing molecules of organic compounds in a liquid with the formation of gaseous products where the content of hydrogen is more than 90%. In the process simulation, theoretical calculations of the voltage and discharge current were also made which are in good agreement with the experimental data. The reaction unit used in the experiments was of a volume of 50 ml and reaction capacity appeared to be about 1.5 liters of hydrogen per minute when using a mixture of oxygen-containing organic compounds as a raw material. During their decomposition in plasma, solid-phase products are also formed in insignificant amounts: carbon nanoparticles and oxide nanoparticles of discharge electrode materials.

In Situ Observation of Semisolid Fe-2.5C-1.5Si Gray Cast Iron

2016 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Davi Munhoz Benati ◽  
Kazuhiro Ito ◽  
Kazuyuki Kohama ◽  
Hajime Yamamoto ◽  
Eugênio José Zoqui
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Gray Cast Iron ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gray Cast ◽  
Heating Process

Fe-2.5C-1.5Si gray cast iron evaluated in previous works exhibited promising potential as semisolid raw material presenting low levels of maximum stress and viscosity, similar to Al-Si alloys. This work is intended to investigate phase transformations and liquid phase formation for the Fe-2.5C-1.5Si gray cast iron in order to understand the performance of the alloy during the semisolid processing. Thus in situ heating experiments via high temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy were performed to analyze the solid-to-liquid transition. At room temperature alloy presented a matrix of pearlite and ferrite with type D flake graphite. During the heating process the main transformations observed were graphite precipitation on the austenite grain boundaries, graphite precipitates and flakes graphite growing and coarsening with the increasing of temperature and the beginning of melt around 1140°C. Coarsened flakes at high temperatures resulted in a liquid continuous network after melting, thereby the liquid phase was formed surrounding and wetting homogeneously the solid phase. This favors the detachment of grains from each other and leads to the intended solid globules immersed in liquid.

scholarly journals Вологоперенос в багатошарових перев'язочних засобах

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Г. В. Щуцька ◽  
Н. П. Супрун
Keyword(s):  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Additional Material

Prediction on the base of analysis of the laws of moisture transfer the property of multilayer packages of wound dressing to carry out the transfer of drugs and metabolic fluids in such systems.In the course of experimental studies of penetration of moisture through the packages of wound coatings, in which in different variants of the arrangement of used samples with different raw material composition and density (nonwoven cotton fabrics and linen fabric), were determined parameters of distribution of the liquid and the dimensions of the wetted zone in the upper, lower and middle layers.It has been found that, starting with a certain thickness, most of the liquid accumulates within the package, which changes the general shape of the wetting zone. The surfaces of wetted zones for different package variants, which show a fairly pronounced maximum inside the material, are obtained. The analysis of the dynamics of the change of the wetted zone surface allowed to formulate the problem of determining the location of additional material in the multilayer wound covering. This gives the opportunity to accumulate the highest moisture content inside the material package, which improves the quality of wound dressings. A study on the effects of additional wetting in multi-layer packets of textile medical materials has revealed for the first time the effect of increasing the concentration of fluid inside such systems, which we called "paradox of internal concentration". This effect appear in the fact that at certain ratios of discrete environmental parameters, the maximum propagation of the liquid occurs not on the material surface, but at a certain depth, in the place of location of the material of high density. The appearance of the effect is determined by the parameter that binds the geometric properties of the material and the discrete parameters of the liquid passing. Practical significance. The investigated processes of wetting of multilayer dressing materials can be used to predict conditions of their real functioning, proceeding from the requirements of operational situation. This allows solving problems of durability of bandages. The criterion of longevity may be the prevention of the exhaust outlet to the surface or the restriction of the exhaust emission area on the outer surface of the wound dressing in certain volumes.

scholarly journals HYDROTHERMAL EXTRACTION OF LITHIUM COMPOUNDS FROM PETALITE Li[AlSi4O10]

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ivanenko ◽  
Tamara Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Lithium Content ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
Degree Of Extraction

Based on studies of the decomposition of pe­ta­lite ore, the hydrothermal method for the extraction of lithium and aluminum compounds from lithium aluminosilicate Li[AlSi4O10] (petalite) has been developed. The studied sample of ore contains, wt. %: Li2O – 0.75 and Al2O3 – 14.65. For unenriched petalite ore with low lithium content, it is proposed to use the hydrochemical method of aluminosilicate processing – Ponomarev – Sazhin method. According to this method, the decomposition of ore is carried out directly in autoclaves by chemical interaction of ore components with NaOH solution in the presence of calcium oxide. The conditions (high temperature and pressure) for the destruction of petalite and the transition of lithium into the liquid phase are created exactly in the hydrothermal process. In this case, lithium and aluminum compounds pass into the solution, and calcium and silicon form a partially soluble compound in the solid phase – sodium-calcium hydrosilicateNa2O·2CaO·2SiO2·2H2O. The degree of extraction of lithium reaches 89–94 %, aluminum reaches 77–95 % within 1 hour at a tempe­rature of 240–280 °C, given caustic modulus 14–18, the concentration of the initial solution of 400–450 g/dm3 of Na2O and the ratio of CaO : SiO2 = 1 : 1 in the reaction mixture. Aluminate or lithium carbonate and other compounds can be obtained from an aluminate solution containing 1.5–2.5 g/dm3 of Li2O and 32–44 g/dm3 of Al2O3. The solid phase formed as a result of decomposition, with a high degree of extraction of lithium from the ore contains a small amount of Li2O in its composition and therefore can be used in the cement industry. Depending on the quality of the decomposed raw material, the course of the hydrothermal process is influenced by a set of factors. With a small content of lithium and aluminum in the ore, the caustic modulus of aluminate solutions (αк = 1,645*Na2O/Al2O3) formed after decomposition is important. Its calculation is required in order to determine the amount of alkaline solution of the required concentration to ensure almost complete decomposition of the ore. This value should be higher the lower the decomposition temperature and the concentration of the initial solution to achieve the same degree of recovery of useful components in the liquid phase. With the same caustic modulus, the efficiency of ore decomposition increases significantly with increasing process temperature and increasing the concentration of the initial solution. This can be seen in the values of the degree of extraction of aluminum, which increases by 12 % with increasing temperature from 240 to 280 °C, while the extraction of lithium remains practically unchanged.

scholarly journals Fabrication and structural characterization of Fe‑Al‑based laminated composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
F. I. Rudnitski ◽  
I. V. Rafalski ◽  
P. E. Lushchik ◽  
A. I. Pokrovski ◽  
V. V. Petrenko
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Laminated Composites ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Layered Composites ◽  
Cross Wedge Rolling ◽  
Multilayer Composites

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the structural characteristics of layered composites based on the Fe‑Al system; obtained using various solid‑phase methods of material deformation (hydropercussion stamping; cross‑wedge rolling) and a liquid‑phase (metallurgical) method for producing multilayer composites.

scholarly journals Characteristics of diatomite-alginate-Fe3O4 composite as a phosphate adsorbent

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Olexander Pasenko ◽  
Liliya Frolova ◽  
Ihnat Shunkin
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Static Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Adsorption Activity ◽  
Composite Adsorbent ◽  
Composite Adsorbents ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
Granular Adsorbent

Technological approaches to the use of diatomaceous earth as a raw material for the creation of composite adsorbents for wastewater treatment from phosphate ions are analysed. It is shown that the developed surface of diatomite can be used to create a granular adsorbent, and iron (III) oxides (magnetite, goethite, lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, hematite and goethite) are environmentally safe, cheap, economically feasible modifiers. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of obtaining magnetic granules due to the formation of magnetite. The use of the deposition method for the formation of the applied granular adsorbent is proposed.  The influence of diatomite concentration on the static strength of granules was established. It is determined that the diameter of the nozzle is also an important factor. The selected technical solutions are aimed at solving the problems of granule hardening and ensuring high adsorption activity. Experimental studies of the synthesis and granulation of the composite adsorbent alginate - diatomaceous earth - magnetite have shown that an increase in the content of diatomaceous earth leads to a natural increase in the size of the granules. When increasing the diameter of the nozzle from 1.5 mm to 3.5 mm, for example, the size of the granules 1.5-4.0 (dc = 1.5 mm), 2.0-5.0 mm (dc = 3.0 mm) and 2.5-5.0 mm (dc = 3.5 mm). The diatomaceous earth content of more than 20% does not allow to carry out high-quality granulation on the experimental installation due to the increase in the viscosity of the suspension. The relationship between the size of gel granules and dried.  The process of application of the active magnetic phase of the adsorbent is investigated. The dependence of the quality of the granulation process on the solid phase content is established. The measured static strength of the adsorbent granules is in the range of 17 - 25 kPa. It is established that the composite adsorbent with the applied layer of magnetite has magnetic properties. The adsorption of PO43- anions from aqueous solutions was studied. For the adsorbent alginate - diatomite and alginate - diatomite - Fe3O4 - the adsorption capacity is 4 and 9 mg PO43- / g, respectively. The obtained composite adsorbents have a set of functional properties that are promising for use in modern water purification and purification systems.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Portland Cement Clinker Synthesis in the Presence of a Significant Amount of SO3 in a Raw Mix

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Sheshukov ◽  
Michael Mikheenkov
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
Portland Cement Clinker ◽  
Negative Effect

Due to the depletion of the raw material base and a technogenic materials addition into a raw mix for the Portland cement clinker synthesis, sulfur and its oxides amount in a raw mix increases. According to literature the Portland cement clinker synthesis in the presence of a sulfur oxides significant amount is difficult. As the content of SO3 in the raw mix increases the amount of C2S increases while C3S and C3A amount decrease. With an equal total content of C2S and C3S in the clinker their ratio C3S/C2S decreases with an increased content of SO3. These factors lead to a deterioration in the Portland cement clinker quality. The clinker formation reactions thermodynamic analysis and some experimental studies allow determining reasons for the Portland cement clinker quality deterioration. It was found that the presence significant amount of a SO3 in the raw mix the synthesis in solid phase of low-basic C4A3 S¯ (ye’elimite) is the thermodynamically preferred rather than high-basic C3A and C4AF. As a result, excess and crystallized free lime inhibits the C3S synthesis through the liquid phase. The experimental studies result helped to develop a methodology for calculating the composition of a raw mix from materials with significant amount of SO3. It allows to reduce the SO3 negative effect on the Portland cement clinker synthesis and to obtain high-quality Portland cement.

Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
C.D. Humphrey ◽  
T.L. Cromeans ◽  
E.H. Cook ◽  
D.W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

Applications of Bentonite to Soil Decontamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1695-1698
Author(s):  
Marin Rusanescu ◽  
Carmen Otilia Rusanescu ◽  
Gheorghe Voicu ◽  
Mihaela Begea
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soil Decontamination ◽  
Metal Retention ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals

A calcium bentonite from Orasu Nou deposit (Satu Mare Romania) was used as raw material. We have conducted laboratory experiments to determine the influence of bentonite on the degree of heavy metal retention. It has been observed that the rate of retention increases as the heavy metal concentration decreases. Experimental studies have been carried out on metal retention ( Zn) in bentonite. In this paper, we realized laboratory experiments for determining the influence of metal (Zn) on the growth and development of two types of plants (Pelargonium domesticum and Kalanchoe) and the effect of bentonite on the absorption of pollutants. These flowers were planted in unpolluted soil, in heavy metal polluted soil and in heavy metal polluted soil to which bentonite was added to observe the positive effect of bentonite. It has been noticed that the flowers planted in unpolluted soil and polluted with heavy metals to which bentonite has been added, the flowers have flourished, the leaves are still green and the plants whose soils have been polluted with heavy metals began to dry after 6 days, three weeks have yellowish leaves and flowers have dried. Experiments have demonstrated the essential role of bentonite for the removal of heavy metals polluted soil.

scholarly journals Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Bike-Share and Bus Systems in Campus Transit

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Sishen Wang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Pengyu Xie ◽  
Xiaodan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Bus System ◽  
Bike Share

Low-carbon transport system is desired for sustainable cities. The study aims to compare carbon footprint of two transportation modes in campus transit, bus and bike-share systems, using life-cycle assessment (LCA). A case study was conducted for the four-campus (College Ave, Cook/Douglass, Busch, Livingston) transit system at Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ). The life-cycle of two systems were disaggregated into four stages, namely, raw material acquisition and manufacture, transportation, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life. Three uncertain factors—fossil fuel type, number of bikes provided, and bus ridership—were set as variables for sensitivity analysis. Normalization method was used in two impact categories to analyze and compare environmental impacts. The results show that the majority of CO2 emission and energy consumption comes from the raw material stage (extraction and upstream production) of the bike-share system and the operation stage of the campus bus system. The CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system are 46 and 13 times of that of the proposed bike-share system, respectively. Three uncertain factors can influence the results: (1) biodiesel can significantly reduce CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system; (2) the increased number of bikes increases CO2 emission of the bike-share system; (3) the increase of bus ridership may result in similar impact between two systems. Finally, an alternative hybrid transit system is proposed that uses campus buses to connect four campuses and creates a bike-share system to satisfy travel demands within each campus. The hybrid system reaches the most environmentally friendly state when 70% passenger-miles provided by campus bus and 30% by bike-share system. Further research is needed to consider the uncertainty of biking behavior and travel choice in LCA. Applicable recommendations include increasing ridership of campus buses and building a bike-share in campus to support the current campus bus system. Other strategies such as increasing parking fees and improving biking environment can also be implemented to reduce automobile usage and encourage biking behavior.

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