The Presentations of Convergence Insufficiency among Young Adults (18-25 Years)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
Jacqueline E. Obioma-Elemba ◽  
Nnenne U. Onu ◽  
Okechi U. Amaechi
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
State University ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Study Population

Convergence Insufficiency is a major binocular vision dysfunction commonly found among the youth. The prevalence of convergence insufficiency has been studied extensively; however there are limited data available on the prevalence of the various presentations of convergence insufficiency among young adults. Convergence insufficiency is associated with symptoms such as fatigue, blurred vision at near, intermittent diplopia at near, “eye strain,” tension in and around the eyes, and the sensation of the print moving while reading. However, convergence insufficiency may present with or without symptoms. The exact prevalence of convergence insufficiency is not known. This study assessed the various presentations of convergence insufficiency among the young adults (aged 18 – 25 years) within the Imo State University community, Owerri, Nigeria, using a cross-sectional study design. Through purposive sampling, a sample size of 162 participants was used for this study after screening and pre-assessment. The Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS), the near point of convergence test, the Von Graefe phoria tests (at far and at near) and the positive fusional vergence tests were administered to all of the study participants. Convergence insufficiency among the young adults of Imo State University presented with symptoms (without clinical signs, 14.2%; with clinical signs, 16.6%) and without symptoms convergence insufficiency (27.8%). The study revealed that convergence insufficiency with symptoms was the more prevalent presentation of convergence insufficiency within the study population. A high percentage of young adults within the study population tested positive for convergence insufficiency, presenting with symptoms (with or without clinical signs) or without symptoms. Key words: Binocular vision, convergence insufficiency, young adult, symptoms, diplopia, phoria.

scholarly journals Effect of Binocular Vision Problems on Childhood Academic Performance and Teachers' Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Hassan Alrasheed ◽  
Abd Elaziz Mohamed Elmadina
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Teachers Perspectives ◽  
Academic Record

Purpose:  To see the effect of binocular vision problems on childhood academic performance and to record the teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care in Khartoum State of Sudan. Place and Duration of Study:  A descriptive cross-sectional study done among the school going children in the Khartoum State of Sudan during the year 2018. Study Design:  Descriptive cross sectional study. Material and Methods:  Three hundred and forty (340) primary school children’s were recruited for study by convenient sampling technique during the academic year 2018. After relevant history, ocular examination was performed. It included visual acuity measurement, assessment of refractive errors and binocular function tests. Academic performance of the children was recorded from academic records of the children. Finally, the qualitative data was derived from teachers’ perspectives about childhood eye care. Results:  Mean age of the participants was 11.96 ± 1.63 years. The findings revealed that (78.6%) of children achieved poor academic performances with decompensated exophoria at near. 52.7% children with poor academic performances had weak positive fusion reserve at near P = 0.04. 37.2% of the poor performers had convergence insufficiency. Fort eight percent of females with ocular complaints achieved poor academic performances P = 0.034. With regard to teacher's perspectives about childhood eye care, 98.8%believed that the vision problems had effect on the academic record of the children. Seventy percent of the teachers reported that the students did not undergo eye examinations before joining school. Conclusion:  Convergence Insufficiency and weak positive fusional reserve at near has a significant effect on academic performances.

Amblyopia and strabismus: trends in prevalence and risk factors among young adults in Israel

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinon Shapira ◽  
Yossy Machluf ◽  
Michael Mimouni ◽  
Yoram Chaiter ◽  
Eedy Mezer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Trends Over Time

AimsTo estimate the prevalence of amblyopia, present strabismus and amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) among young adults in Israel and to analyse trends over time of prevalence rates.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study including 107 608 pre-enlistees aged 17.4±0.6 years born between 1971 and 1994. Across the birth years, the following trends of prevalence rates among young adults were analysed: prevalence of amblyopia, prevalence of strabismus, severity of amblyopia and prevalence of ARFs (strabismsus, anisometropia and isoametropia). Unilateral amblyopia was defined as best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of <0.67 (6/9) in either eye or as an interocular difference of two lines or more. Bilateral amblyopia was defined as BCVA of <0.67 (6/9) in both eyes. The severity of amblyopia was classified as mild (BCVA ≥0.5 [6/12]), moderate (BCVA <0.5 [6/12] and ≥0.25 [6/24]) or severe (BCVA <0.25 [6/24]).ResultsThe prevalence of young adulthood amblyopia declined by 33%, from 1.2% to 0.8% (R2=0.87, p<0.001) across 24 birth years. This decline may be due to a drop in unilateral amblyopia from 1% to 0.6% (R2=0.93, p<0.001), while the prevalence of bilateral amblyopia remained stable (0.2%, p=0.12). The decline in amblyopia was apparent in mild and moderate amblyopia, but not in severe amblyopia. Strabismus and anisometropia were detected in 6–12% and 11–20% of subjects with unilateral amblyopia, respectively, without significant trends. Strabismic amblyopia remained constant in the entire population across years. Isoametropia was detected in 46–59% of subjects with bilateral amblyopia without a significant trend across birth years. Prevalence of strabismus in the study population decreased by 50%, from 1.2% to 0.6% (R2=0.75, p<0.001). In subjects with present strabismus, the prevalence of mild unilateral amblyopia increased, while moderate or severe unilateral amblyopia remained relatively stable.ConclusionAmong young adults, the prevalence of unilateral amblyopia, as well as the prevalence of present strabismus, decreased significantly over a period of a generation. The prevalence of strabismic, bilateral or severe (both unilateral and bilateral) amblyopia remained stable. The establishment of the national screening programme for children and the improved utility of treatment for amblyopia and strabismus coincide with these trends. Thus, it is possible that these early interventions resulted in modification of the ‘natural history’ of these conditions and their prevalence in adolescence.

scholarly journals The association between prior physical fitness and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross-sectional, retrospective study

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11091
Author(s):  
Yaoshan Dun ◽  
Jeffrey W. Ripley-Gonzalez ◽  
Nanjiang Zhou ◽  
Qiuxia Li ◽  
Meijuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a spike in deleterious mental health. This dual-center retrospective cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of depression in young adults during this pandemic and explored its association with various physical fitness measures. Methods This study enrolled 12,889 (80% female) young adults (mean age 20 ± 1) who performed a National Student Physical Fitness battery from December 1st, 2019, to January 20th, 2020, and completed a questionnaire including Beck’s Depression Inventory in May 2020. Independent associations between prior physical fitness and depression during the pandemic were assessed using multivariable linear and binary logistic regressions accordingly, covariates including age, dwelling location, economic level, smoking, alcohol, living status, weight change, and exercise volume during the pandemic. Sex- and baseline stress-stratified analyses were performed. Results Of the study population 13.9% of men and 15.0% of women sampled qualified for a diagnosis of depression. After multivariable adjustment, anaerobic (mean change 95% CI −3.3 [−4.8 to 1.8]) aerobic (−1.5 [−2.64 to −0.5]), explosive (−1.64 [−2.7 to −0.6]) and muscular (−1.7 [−3.0 to −0.5]) fitness were independently and inversely associated with depression for the overall population. These remained consistent after sex- and baseline stress-stratification. In binary logistic regression, the combined participants with moderate, high or excellent fitness also showed a much lower risk compared to those least fit in anaerobic (odd ratio (OR) 95% CI 0.68 [0.55–0.82]), aerobic (0.80 [0.68–0.91]), explosive (0.72 [0.61–0.82]), and muscular (0.66 [0.57–0.75]) fitness. Conclusions These findings suggest that prior physical fitness may be inversely associated with depression in young adults during a pandemic.

scholarly journals Refractive and binocular vision status of optometry students, Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
C. Darko-Takyi ◽  
A. Owusu-Ansah ◽  
C. Appiah-Eduenu ◽  
E.K. Abu ◽  
S.B. Boadi-Kusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Divergence Insufficiency ◽  
Optometry Students

To investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status of Optometry students in University of Cape Coast, Ghana and to establish any associations between these conditions. A cross sectional study of 105 Optometry students were taken through a comprehensive optometric examination to investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status. Fisher’s exact test (IBM SPSS version 21) was used to assess association between these conditions. Prevalence of refractive error and non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunctions were 59.0% and 34.3% respectively. Prevalence of specific refractive errors were 17.1% myopia, 19.0% hyperopia and 22.9% astigmatism. Non-strabismic accommodative and vergence dysfunctions were found to be 21.9% and 12.4% respectively. Specific types of accommodative and vergence disorders were as follows: accommodative fatigue (8.6%), accommodative infacility (6.7%), accommodative insufficiency (4.7%) and accommodative excess (1.9%), convergence insufficiency (1.9%), convergence excess (1.0%), divergence insufficiency (2.9%), basic exophoria (1.9%), and basic esophoria (4.7%). There was a significant association between refractive errors in general and accommodative fatigue (p = 0.030) and between myopia and accommodative excess (p= 0.028). It is critical that potential primary eye care practitioners become aware of their refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2016) 5(2), 24-29

Knowledge and awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) among young adults – a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (68) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Larisa Tomescu ◽  
Denis Şerban ◽  
Nicoleta Nicolae ◽  
Florina Borozan ◽  
Ioan Sas
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis after six months of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Surya Jayanti Kadek ◽  
Dewi Kumara Wati Ketut ◽  
Karyana Putu Gede
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Study Population

Background About 60% of individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) develop their first manifestation during infancy. Cow’s milk (CM) exposure is considered to be a risk factor for AD.Objective To evaluate for an association between cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis in infants > 6 months of age.  Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of subjects from a previous study and new subjects recruited in order to meet the minimum required number of subjects. Our study population comprised 120 infants, born between 1 February and 30 November, 2012 in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjects were divided into CM and non-CM groups and analyzed for their risk of AD. Subjects were included to CM group if they were fed with cow’s milk/formula  and included to non-CM group if they were breastfeed exclusively in the first six months of life. Other possible risk factors were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results One hundred twenty subjects were enrolled and analyzed (59 in the CM and 61 in the non-CM groups). The prevalence of AD was 30%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between CM exposure and AD, with odds ratio (OR) 2.37 (95%CI 1.036 to 5.420; P=0.04). In addition, maternal diet including eggs and/or cow’s milk during the breastfeeding period was significantly associated with AD in infants (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.073 to 9.427; P=0.04).Conclusion Cow’s milk exposure is significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in infants  > six months of age. 

Self perceived oro-facial behaviour and malocclusion among young adults in Hyderabad city

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasari Tejaswini ◽  
Suhas Kulkarni ◽  
Dolar Doshi ◽  
Adepu Srilatha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundAesthetic alterations in the face can be self-perceived and can affect quality of life in young adults.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of malocclusion on self- perceived oro-facial behaviour among young adults.MethodsA Cross sectional study was conducted among 638 young adults (aged 18–21 years) of Hyderabad city. One college from each of the five zones of the Hyderabad city (five colleges) were selected by simple random sampling procedure. A 21-item Oro-facial investment scale (OFIS) questionnaire assessing self-perceived oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) assessing the severity of malocclusion was used. Data were analysed with standard statistical software (SPSS, Statistical package for the social sciences, version 20.0). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsMales had higher mean scores for knowledge (2.90 ± 0.49) than females (2.73 ± 0.82) and was statistically significant (p = 0.002*). No statistically significant gender differences were found in relation to attitude and practice. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference in all the three scores (knowledge, attitude, practice) with respect to age, with significantly high score for knowledge and practice among 18 year old subjects (p = 0.0001*; p = 0.0003* respectively) and attitude among 21 year old subjects (p = 0.0049*). No statistically significant age, gender differences were found in relation to DAI scores. Upon correlation, DAI significantly and positively correlated with knowledge (p = 0.03*) and attitude (p = 0.0001*).ConclusionThis study has shown significant impact of malocclusion on the self-perceived oro-facial behaviour.

scholarly journals Determinants of alcohol consumption and marijuana use among young adults in the Republic of Palau

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuki Sata ◽  
Renzhe Cui ◽  
Chifa Chiang ◽  
Singeru Travis Singeo ◽  
Berry Moon Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Palau

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the status of alcohol consumption and drug use among young adults as well as their determinants. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 356 young adults (aged 18 to 24 years) living in Palau in 2013. The prevalence of self-reported alcohol and marijuana usage were compared within and between sexes, age groups, ethnicities, and education levels. Results The proportion of current drinking was higher in people aged 21–24 than in those aged 18–20 (73.2% vs. 60.9%, p = 0.09 in men and 48.3% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.02 in women), while that of marijuana use did not differ between the age groups. The proportions of current drinking and marijuana use were higher in Palauan than in other ethnicities (current drinking: 70.6% vs. 40.6%, p = 0.005 in men and 38.8% vs. 16.6%, p = 0.04 in women; lifetime marijuana use: 80.0% vs. 52.9%, p = 0.02 in men and 56.1% vs. 30.6%, p = 0.09 in women). The proportion of frequent (3 times or more) marijuana users was higher for the lower educated than for the higher educated (62.5% vs. 32.1%, p < 0.001 in men and 33.9% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.12 in women). Conclusions Sex, age, ethnicity, and education were significant determinants of alcohol and marijuana use.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Shekhar ◽  
Abu Baker Sheikh ◽  
Shubhra Upadhyay ◽  
Mriganka Singh ◽  
Saket Kottewar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
Study Population ◽  
To Receive

Background: Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine will play a major role in combating the pandemic. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are among the first group to receive vaccination, so it is important to consider their attitudes about COVID-19 vaccination to better address barriers to widespread vaccination acceptance. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study to assess the attitude of HCWs toward COVID-19 vaccination. Data were collected between 7 October and 9 November 2020. We received 4080 responses out of which 3479 were complete responses and were included in the final analysis. Results: 36% of respondents were willing to take the vaccine as soon as it became available while 56% were not sure or would wait to review more data. Only 8% of HCWs do not plan to get vaccine. Vaccine acceptance increased with increasing age, education, and income level. A smaller percentage of female (31%), Black (19%), Lantinx (30%), and rural (26%) HCWs were willing to take the vaccine as soon as it became available than the overall study population. Direct medical care providers had higher vaccine acceptance (49%). Safety (69%), effectiveness (69%), and speed of development/approval (74%) were noted as the most common concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination in our survey.

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