Modeling and Optimization of 3D Printed PLA Material for Maximum Flexural Strength Using Multiple Nonlinear Neuro Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melih Savran ◽  
Asil Ayaz ◽  
Tuğrul Uslu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a growing additive manufacturing method to produce complex objects without geometrical limitations. In addition, mechanical strength, dimensional accuracy, product development cycle time, and surface properties can be improved depending on the application of the best settings of design variables. There are various printing parameters which influence the mechanical properties and quality of FDM parts. In this study, appropriate printing parameters were determined to obtain desired quality on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. Then full factorial design was employed to form experiment set including process parameters. Multiple nonlinear neuro-regression analysis was used for modeling of FDM process. The present study aims at optimization of the FDM process parameters including infill pattern, infill density and build orientation on flexural strength and strain for polylactide (PLA) material. In this regard, optimization algorithms Differential Evolution and Nelder Mead were used to find the best design or elite designs. Third-order polynomial model and hybrid model including polynomial and logarithmic terms were employed as an objective function to define physical phenomena regarding flexural strength and strain, respectively. It was found that (i) maximum flexural strength as 99.66 MPa using a cubic pattern, flat orientation, and 90 % infill density, (ii) minimum ultimate strain as 1.102 % for gyroid pattern, flat orientation, and 47 % infill density.

scholarly journals Fused Deposition Modelling of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Parametric Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Narongkorn Krajangsawasdi ◽  
Lourens G. Blok ◽  
Ian Hamerton ◽  
Marco L. Longana ◽  
Benjamin K. S. Woods ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Thermoplastic Composite ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Printing Parameters

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a widely used additive layer manufacturing process that deposits thermoplastic material layer-by-layer to produce complex geometries within a short time. Increasingly, fibres are being used to reinforce thermoplastic filaments to improve mechanical performance. This paper reviews the available literature on fibre reinforced FDM to investigate how the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of 3D-printed fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials are affected by printing parameters (e.g., printing speed, temperature, building principle, etc.) and constitutive materials properties, i.e., polymeric matrices, reinforcements, and additional materials. In particular, the reinforcement fibres are categorized in this review considering the different available types (e.g., carbon, glass, aramid, and natural), and obtainable architectures divided accordingly to the fibre length (nano, short, and continuous). The review attempts to distil the optimum processing parameters that could be deduced from across different studies by presenting graphically the relationship between process parameters and properties. This publication benefits the material developer who is investigating the process parameters to optimize the printing parameters of novel materials or looking for a good constituent combination to produce composite FDM filaments, thus helping to reduce material wastage and experimental time.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Multimaterials ABS/PC Parts: Effect of Printing Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Pui-Voon Yap ◽  
Ming-Yeng Chan ◽  
Seong-Chun Koay
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Nozzle Diameter ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters ◽  
Printing Speed

This research work highlights the mechanical properties of multi-material by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The specimens for tensile and flexural test have been printed using polycarbonate (PC) material at different combinations of printing parameters. The effects of varied printing speed, infill density and nozzle diameter on the mechanical properties of specimens have been investigated. Multi-material specimens were fabricated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the base material and PC as the reinforced material at the optimum printing parameter combination. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical testing to observe their tensile strength, Young’s modulus, percentage elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus. The outcome of replacing half of ABS with PC to create a multi-material part has been examined. As demonstrated by the results, the optimum combination of printing parameters is 60 mm/s printing speed, 15% infill density and 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The combination of ABS and PC materials as reinforcing material has improved the tensile strength (by 38.46%), Young’s modulus (by 23.40%), flexural strength (by 23.90%) and flexural modulus (by 37.33%) while reducing the ductility by 14.31% as compared to pure ABS. The results have been supported by data and graphs of the analysed specimens.

Parametric study on tensile and flexural properties of ULTEM 1010 specimens fabricated via FDM

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-451
Author(s):  
Chrysoula Pandelidi ◽  
Tobias Maconachie ◽  
Stuart Bateman ◽  
Ingomar Kelbassa ◽  
Sebastian Piegert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition

Purpose Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is increasingly being explored as a commercial fabrication method due to its ability to produce net or near-net shape parts directly from a computer-aided design model. Other benefits of technology compared to conventional manufacturing include lower cost for short runs, reduced product lead times and rapid product design. High-performance polymers such as polyetherimide, have the potential for FDM fabrication and their high-temperature capabilities provide the potential of expanding the applications of FDM parts in automotive and aerospace industries. However, their relatively high glass transition temperature (215 °C) causes challenges during manufacturing due to the requirement of high-temperature build chambers and controlled cooling rates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of ULTEM 1010, an unfilled polyetherimide grade. Design/methodology/approach In this research, mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile and flexural tests. Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of process parameters to the mechanical properties of the specimens, their main effects and interactions. The fractured surfaces were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy and porosity was assessed by X-ray microcomputed tomography. Findings A range of mean tensile and flexural strengths, 60–94 MPa and 62–151 MPa, respectively, were obtained highlighting the dependence of performance on process parameters and their interactions. The specimens were found to fracture in a brittle manner. The porosity of tensile samples was measured between 0.18% and 1.09% and that of flexural samples between 0.14% and 1.24% depending on the process parameters. The percentage porosity was found to not directly correlate with mechanical performance, rather the location of those pores in the sample. Originality/value This analysis quantifies the significance of the effect of each of the examined process parameters has on the mechanical performance of FDM-fabricated specimens. Further, it provides a better understanding of the effect process parameters and their interactions have on the mechanical properties and porosity of FDM-fabricated polyetherimide specimens. Additionally, the fracture surface of the tested specimens is qualitatively assessed.

Influence of ABS print parameters on a 3D open-source, self-replicable printer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733-1738
Author(s):  
André Luiz Alves Guimarães ◽  
Vicente Gerlin Neto ◽  
Cesar Renato Foschini ◽  
Maximiliano dos Anjos Azambuja ◽  
Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) print by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The mechanical properties of ABS are highly influenced by printing parameters, and they determine the final product quality of printed pieces. Design/methodology/approach For the paper’s purpose, five main parameters (extrusion temperature, infill pattern, air gap, printing speed and layer thickness) were selected and varied during ABS printing on an open-source and self-replicable FDM printer. Three different colors of commercially available ABS were also used to investigate color and printing parameter’s influence on the tensile strength. Findings The research results suggest that two parameters (infill pattern and layer thickness) were most influential on the mechanical properties of print ABS, being able to enhance its tensile strength. Another key influential factor was material color selected prior to printing, which influenced the tensile strength of the print specimen. Originality/value This study provides information on print parameters’ influence on the tensile strength of ABS print on replicable open-source three-dimensional (3D) printers. It also suggests the influence of materials’ color on print pieces’ tensile strength, indicating a new parameter for materials selection for 3D printing.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of FDM 3D Prints Made of PLA and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PLA for Thin-Walled Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7062
Author(s):  
Jerzy Bochnia ◽  
Malgorzata Blasiak ◽  
Tomasz Kozior
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Lean Manufacturing ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Thin Walled

This study focused on the analysis of the mechanical properties of thin-walled specimens fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM). Two materials were considered, i.e., polylactide (PLA) and polylactide with carbon fiber (PLA-CF). The article describes how the specimens with different thicknesses and printing orientations were designed, printed, measured to assess their geometric and dimensional accuracy, subjected to tensile testing, and examined using scanning electron microscopy. The data provided here can be used for further research aimed at improving filament deposition and modifying the base material by combining it with different components, for example carbon fiber. The investigations revealed that the properties of thin-walled elements produced by FDM varied significantly depending on the thickness. So far, this problem has not been investigated extensively. Research by analyzing the key parameter, which is the direction of printing that is important for thin-walled models, provides a lot of new information for designers and technologists and opens the way to further extended scientific research in the field of the strength analysis of thin-walled models produced by 3D printing, which is very applicable to structure optimization in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 and progress in the LEAN manufacturing process.

Effect of Printing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Parts Fabricated with Open-Source 3D Printers in PLA by Fused Deposition Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 895-908
Author(s):  
M. Ouhsti ◽  
B. El Haddadi ◽  
S. Belhouideg
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Printing Parameters

Abstract3D polymer-based printers have become easily accessible to the public. Usually, the technology used by these 3D printers is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The majority of these 3D printers mainly use acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) to fabricate 3D objects. In order for the printed parts to be useful for specific applications, the mechanical properties of the printed parts must be known. The aim of this study is to determine the tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed materials in polylactic acid (PLA) according to three important printing parameters such as deposition angle, extruder temperature and printing speed. The central composite design (CCD) was used to reduce the number of tensile test experiments. The obtained results show that the mechanical properties of printed parts depend on printing parameters. Empirical models relating response and process parameters are developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the validity of models relating response and printing parameters. The optimal printing parameters are determined for the desired mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Influence of Process Parameters of Printing on Mechanical Properties of Plastic Parts Produced by FDM 3D Printing Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 02014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vosynek ◽  
Tomas Navrat ◽  
Adela Krejbychova ◽  
David Palousek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Anisotropic Structure ◽  
Influence Of Process Parameters ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Plastic Parts

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a fast-growing 3D printing technology. This technology expands rapidly even in households. Most users set print parameters only according to their own experience, regardless of the final mechanical properties. In order to predict the mechanical behaviour of the FDM-printed components, it is important to understand not only the properties of the printing material but also the effect of the printing process parameters on the mechanical properties. Components manufactured by FDM technology have an anisotropic structure, therefore the filling angle, fill shape, air gap, print orientation, and print temperature affect the resulting mechanical properties. This work deals with the change of mechanical properties depending on the setting of the filling angle, the shape of the filling, the orientation of the parts during printing, the influence of the material and pigment manufacturer.

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