Abrasion Tests of Rubber Stocks Containing Various Types of Carbon Black

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-474
Author(s):  
W. B. Plummer ◽  
D. J. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Abrasive Material ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Useful Life

Abstract With respect to the results noted herein an the relation of abrasion loss to size of abrasive material, it is regretted that as yet no results have been obtained which cast much light on the reasons for the break in the curves of Figure 1. It is possible, if not probable, that the unexpected phenomena whose existence is indicated by these results may be responsible for the commonly observed discrepancies between laboratory abrasion tests and road tests. It is hoped that further studies may give more useful information on this relation. The abrasion results on aged stocks present several important points. It is, of course, obvious and fully realized that abrasion in use takes place only on the surface layer of a tire tread, but attention has not before been called to the very considerable effect which the aging characteristics of the carbon black used in the stock may have on the abrasion resistance of this surface layer. The present results show that, with two stocks differing only in their carbon black content, the relative abrasion resistance of the surface layers after aging may be in reversed ratio to those of the unaged stocks. This evidently will be a decisive factor in the relative useful life of the tread if the rate of surface aging is greater than the rate of tread wear. Surface conditions or, in other words, the time of storage before use, the daily mileage, existing road and climatic conditions, etc., will determine this relation.

Abrasion and Friction of Rubberlike Materials

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 774-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. S. T. Boonstra ◽  
E. M. Dannenberg
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Cohesive Forces ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Frictional Forces ◽  
The One

Abstract The relationship between abrasion resistance and the coefficient of friction was observed in the early days of development of the modern synthetic rubbers. It has gained new interest in connection with the appearance on the market of polyester-isocyanate rubbers of the Vulcollan type. The abrasion of a rubber object in contact with a solid depends on the forces interacting at the surface of the two materials. These forces are again dependent on the forces pressing the two surfaces together, on the relative surface speed of the one object with respect to the other, and on the nature of the surfaces of the materials. Forces acting on the rubber surface and tending to pull the surface layer away from the bulk of the material deform the bulk rubber and excite counteracting cohesive forces. Abrasion of the rubber depends on the following two factors: 1) Development of frictional forces at the surface. 2) Counteraction of the force caused by the rubbing by cohesive force in the polymer adjacent to the surface layer. The question may be raised if it is possible to improve abrasion resistance by increasing the cohesive forces (1) without affecting the frictional forces and (2) if so, to what degree. With the help of the modified Cabot-Lambourn abrader, a number of experiments have been carried out that give some answers to the correlation of abrasion and friction. Abrasion is measured in terms of abrasion efficiency, i.e., weight loss per unit of energy. Correlations are established between: (a) Coefficient of friction and normal load. (b) Coefficient of friction and percentage loss of weight. (c) Coefficient of friction and carbon black loading. (d) Abrasion efficiency, coefficient of friction, and carbon black loading. (e) Abrasion efficiency and energy spent on abrasion. (f) Percentage of slip and torque obtained.

The oxidation of Inconel alloy MA754 at low oxidation potential

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
D. N. Braski ◽  
P. D. Goodell ◽  
J. V. Cathcart ◽  
R. H. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Elevated Temperature Strength ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Inconel Alloy ◽  
Inco Alloy ◽  
Resistance To Oxidation ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
Cold Worked

It has been known for some time that the addition of small oxide particles to an 80 Ni—20 Cr alloy not only increases its elevated-temperature strength, but also markedly improves its resistance to oxidation. The mechanism by which the oxide dispersoid enhances the oxidation resistance is being studied collaboratively by ORNL and INCO Alloy Products Company.Initial experiments were performed using INCONEL alloy MA754, which is nominally: 78 Ni, 20 Cr, 0.05 C, 0.3 Al, 0.5 Ti, 1.0 Fe, and 0.6 Y2O3 (wt %).Small disks (3 mm diam × 0.38 mm thick) were cut from MA754 plate stock and prepared with two different surface conditions. The first was prepared by mechanically polishing one side of a disk through 0.5 μm diamond on a syntron polisher while the second used an additional sulfuric acid-methanol electropolishing treatment to remove the cold-worked surface layer. Disks having both surface treatments were oxidized in a radiantly heated furnace for 30 s at 1000°C. Three different environments were investigated: hydrogen with nominal dew points of 0°C, —25°C, and —55°C. The oxide particles and films were examined in TEM by using extraction replicas (carbon) and by backpolishing to the oxide/metal interface. The particles were analyzed by EDS and SAD.

Research on Electrical Double Percolation of Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Hong Zhong Ru ◽  
Ran Ran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Percolation Behavior ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
Double Percolation

Electrical conductive carbon black-filled cement-based composites are significant as multifunctional structural materials. Double percolation in carbon black-filled cement-based composites involves both carbon black particle percolation and cement paste percolation, which has great effect on the resistivity of composites. Based on double percolation theory, the influences of sand-binder ratio and carbon black volume fraction on the resistivity of carbon black-filled cement-based composites are investigated. The results show that besides carbon black volume fraction, sand-binder ratio is a key factor affecting double percolation behavior in carbon black-filled cement-based composites. At a fixed carbon black content in overall mortar, with increasing sand-binder ratio, the cement paste percolation though aggregate phase increases due to high obstruction of aggregate but the carbon black particle percolation in cement paste decreases. This is because that the microstructure of aggregate is impenetrable so that the carbon black particles are limited in cement paste, that is, the carbon black content in paste is compacted and large amount of conductive paths are generated by lapped adjacent carbon black particles in paste. The double percolation in the electrical conduction in carbon black-filled cement-based composites is observed when the carbon black volume fraction is 7.5% and sand-binder ratio is 1.4, and its resistivity is only 3200 Ωcm, so that a sand-binder ratio of 1.4 and 7.5% carbon black volume fraction or more are recommended for attaining high conductivity with a compromise between workability and conductivity.

Ultrasonic Measurements with Rubber Compounds during Extrusion

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caspary ◽  
P. Kretschmer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Reciprocal Value

Abstract The dependence of the Index of Elasticity, E, the reciprocal value of sound velocity, on temperature and pressure is related to specific volume and compressibility of rubbers. The sensitivity of E towards changes of temperature and pressure was calculated, indicating a new versatile possibility for the control of rubber extruders. To confirm this, extruder experiments were carried out with an SHR compound, of which a working diagram was established showing the complete behavior of E=f(p,T). The effect of compound composition, especially of plasticizer and carbon black content, was examined. Viscosity in the extruder primarily determines changes in E. The method was shown to be applicable up to a die diameter of at least 200 mm. The method may also be applied to follow degradation of rubber compounds during mastication.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Electrokinetics, Adsorption and Colloid Study of Simulated Nuclear Waste Glasses Leached in Aqueous Solutions

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng T. Lee ◽  
D. E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Glass Surface ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Electrostatic Repulsion ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Glass Surfaces

AbstractZeta potentials of SRL-131-29.8% TOS simulated nuclear waste glasses leached in D.I. water, Al, Ca, Mg, and Zn chloride solutions at 90°C were measured as a function of leaching time. For short term leaching, the adsorption of Ca, Mg, Zn and Al reverses the glass surface potential from negative to positive. Colloids were found to be stable in D.I. water and AICl3 solutions after leaching, presumably due to the electrostatic repulsion between the glass surface and similarly charged particles. Colloids were not found in Mg, Zn or Ca chloride solutions after leaching; instead, a relatively thick metasilicate surface layer was formed on glass surfaces leached in these solutions. The concentration of Si in solution is reduced by the formation of these surface layers.

Stresses in the Surface Layer and Hydrogen Absorption and Diffusion in Cavitation Condition

2014 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Jarosław Chmiel ◽  
Jolanta Baranowska ◽  
Roman Jędrzejewski ◽  
Arkadiusz Rzeczycki
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Hydrogen Absorption ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Fem Modeling ◽  
And Diffusion

Cavitation attack in liquids generated a various states of stresses in surface layers of metals. Differences in stress state effects on hydrogen absorption activated by the cavitation implosion. Results of XRD investigation and FEM modeling shows on inhomogenity of process.

scholarly journals Elemental composition of the surface layers formed on titanium at the cathodic treatment in chitosan-containing aqueous-dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of phosphate-molybdate electrolyte

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Svetlana S. Popova ◽  
◽  
Hussein Ali Hussein ◽  
Lyubov’ N. Olshanskaya ◽  
Sergei V. Arzamastsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Aqueous Electrolyte ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Potentiostatic Mode

It was established that at the cathodic treatment of titanium in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of sodium molybdate, containing phosphoric acid, at the potential of the cathodic incorporation of sodium (Ec = −2.6 V) in the potentiostatic mode, the composition formed on the electrode surface layer depended not only on the composition of the solution, but also on the volume ratio of the aqueous electrolyte solution and the organic solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide).

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