New Condensation Products of Rubber Hydrocarbons by the Aid of Benzyl Chloride

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
F. Kirchhof
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Benzyl Chloride ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Metal Chlorides ◽  
Condensation Products ◽  
New Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract The application of the long-known Friedel-Crafts reaction to rubber hydrocarbons led to a new type of condensation products which may be called provisionally aral cyclorubbers (“benzylidene rubbers”), since their benzylidene groups are probably condensed with the polyprene skeleton to cyclic systems. It would not have been foreseen without further work that rubber would form this type of condensation product with aral halides in the presence of aluminum chloride, since on the one hand benzyl chloride is known to form, by the action of aluminum chloride in the Friedel-Crafts reaction, an amorphous, apparently high molecular hydrocarbon of the empirical composition (C7H6)x, and on the other hand rubber in solution is transformed by the metal chlorides, especially aluminum chloride, into amorphous polycyclorubbers. Under definite conditions of condensation with aluminum chloride aral groups are combined with the skeleton of the rubber hydrocarbon with the formation of white to yellowish amorphous bodies which contain, in addition to a small proportion of organically combined chlorine, only carbon and hydrogen, and are therefore to be regarded as hydrocarbons. In their physical and chemical properties these substances resemble the already known amorphous substance of the empirical formula (C7H6)x, which doubtless is polybenzylidene, probably hexabenzylidene.

Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guili Ge ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Mingjian Chen ◽  
Zhaoyang Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
New Type ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of carbon nanomaterial that have unique physical and chemical properties, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, easy surface functionalization, making them widely used in biological...

Bacteriochlorophyll e : structure and stereochemistry of a new type of chlorophyll from Chlorobiaceae

1976 ◽  
Vol 273 (924) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
New Type ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Bacteriochlorophyll E ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A so far unknown chlorophyll has been isolated from several strains of brown-coloured chlorobacteria and has been designated bacteriochlorophyll e . Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of the new chlorophyll with those of bacteriochlorophylls c and d ( Chlorbium chlorophylls) allows one to deduce its structural formula. The stereochemistry of the hydroxyethyl side chain of bacteriochlorophylls c, d and e can be determined by a modified Horeau analysis of these pigments, and the results thus obtained are in agreement with those derived from oxidative degradation experiments. The latter method allows one furthermore to prove the structure of bacteriochlorophylls c and d proposed by Holt, and to establish the absolute configuration at carbon atoms 7 and 8. The presence of a δ-methylsubstituent in bacteriochlorophylls c and e is unambiguously demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance.

scholarly journals Effects of Continuous Cropping of Dictyophora on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
Long Tong ◽  
◽  
Hongyan Li ◽  
Xiaoming Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The continuous obstacle of Dictyophora indusiata has become the one of the main factors affecting the healthy development of D. indusiata industry. In order to study the effects of continuous cropping of D. indusiata on the soil environment, four treatments were used in this study: no planted (CK), planted for 1 years (1Y), continuous cropping for 2 years (2Y) and continuous cropping for 3 years (3Y), to determined of the yield of D. indusiata, soil physical and chemical properties, microbial content and enzyme activity. The results showed that the yield and soil pH value decreased with the increase of continuous cropping years, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, C/N and C/P also increased with the increase of continuous cropping years. Soil availability decreased with the increase of continuous cropping years, the content of alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased by 12.25%, 28.91% and 24.86% at 3Y compared with 1Y, respectively. The biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi and the total amount of microorganism in soil increased at 1Y compared with CK, but with the increase of continuous cropping years, the biomass of bacteria and actinomycetes and the total amount of microorganism decreased significantly, while the biomass of fungi increased significantly; the continuous cropping of D. indusiata also decreased the value of bacteria/fungi in soil. The enzyme activities of the soil were higher than those of the unplanted plots, however, the activities of urease, catalase, peroxidase, sucrase, phosphatase and protease decreased with the increase of continuous cropping years. In a word, with the increase of continuous cropping, the acidity of rhizosphere soil increased, the availability of soil nutrients and the activity of soil enzymes decreased, the biomass of soil microorganisms, bacteria and actinomycetes decreased. However, the increase of fungal biomass led to the decline of soil texture.

Address of the President Lord Todd, O. M. at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1980

1980 ◽  
Vol 211 (1182) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
One Step ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Biosynthetic Studies ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The Copley Medal is awarded to Sir Derek Barton, F. R. S. Among Sir Derek Barton's many distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, outstanding is his conception and development of conformational analysis, which represents the most important advance in this century in the understanding of the stereochemistry of organic compounds, and for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1969. Originally devised for cyclohexane derivatives, the concept was rapidly extended to other ring systems, and is of major importance in interpretation of the physical and chemical properties of a wide range of natural products. Sir Derek has also contributed greatly to the understanding of biosynthesis, and in many cases demonstrated the validity of his hypotheses by labelling experiments in vivo . In particular, his ideas on the nature of phenolic coupling, involving one-electron oxidative processes, formed the basis of a very large number of successful biosynthetic studies, especially in the alkaloid field. He has also applied his ideas to the simulation of natural biosynthetic sequences, the one-step synthesis of the complex usnic acid from a simple monocyclic precursor providing one of the most striking examples.

scholarly journals Outlook and overview of microplastics pollution in ecological environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 02027
Author(s):  
Zhao Bin ◽  
Cheng Yongqiang ◽  
Guo Cuilian ◽  
Liu Maoke ◽  
Yao Puyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
New Type ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Microplastics are attracting more and more attention as a new type of pollutant in the ecological environment. Microplastics are difficult to degrade because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Some microplastics adsorbed toxic chemicals (e.g. heavy metals or organic pollutants) will cause a series of toxicological effects in organisms. This paper summarized the research progress in microplastics from the aspects of the types, distribution, detection and the toxicological effects. In addition, future research directions were also proposed and discussed.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Type of Cationic Gemini Surfactant

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 765-769
Author(s):  
Qing Wang Liu ◽  
Yun Hai Zhu ◽  
Guang Zhi Han ◽  
Zhen Zhong Fan ◽  
Ji Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gemini Surfactant ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Target Product ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Cationic Gemini Surfactant ◽  
Synthetic Product ◽  
Dimethyl Amine ◽  
New Type ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A cationic Gemini surfactant ethane-1, 2-bis (Cetyl dimethyl brominated ammonium), denoted 16-2-16 was synthesized from ethane and Hexadecyl dimethyl amine. The properties of the product were characterized, and the physical and chemical properties were determined. The results showed that the synthetic product was the target product, and its surface tension was 3.4×10-4N/m, and the CMC was 2.2×10-4mol/L at 25°C. At the same time, its synergistic effect with common surfactants was studied; the results showed that the synthetic product had good synergic effect.

scholarly journals Preparation of Graphene Materials and Their Applications in the Field of Electrochemistry

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Liao ◽  
Tingting Song
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Method ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
New Materials ◽  
New Type ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In the development of modern society, many new materials and technologies have been integrated into the development of various industries. As a new type of two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, graphene has great advantages in physical and chemical properties and is widely used in various fields of development. Among them, the electrochemical method is one of the important ways to prepare graphene materials, which has the characteristics of quickness and environmental protection, and can effectively produce a large amount of high-quality graphene and its composite materials. Based on this, the paper introduces the preparation method of graphene materials and studies the application of graphene materials in the field of electrochemistry.

scholarly journals Influence of the Addition of Calcium Hydroxide Powder on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Sealer MTA Fillapex

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183
Author(s):  
Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade ◽  
Renato de Toledo Leonardo ◽  
Edson Alves de Campos ◽  
Milton Carlos Kuga ◽  
Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated the flow, pH and calcium release of MTA Fillapex (G1) or Fillapex plus 10% in weight of calcium hydroxide powder (G2), compared to AH Plus (G3) and Sealapex (G4). Materials and methods The flow test was performed according to ISO 6876:2001 requirements. The sealers were placed into plastic tubes and immersed in deionized water. After 24 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days, the water of each tube was removed and tested to evaluate the pH values and the level of released calcium. Calcium release values were analyzed statistically by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests and pH values analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 5%). Results G1 presented higher flow among all sealers. The addition of 10% calcium hydroxide into MTA Fillapex reduced the flow (p < 0.05) but, in a level, that is lower than the one recommended for ISO norms. G2 and G4 presented pH values and calcium release higher than G3 (p < 0.05) in all periods. G1 presented pH value higher than G3 (p < 0.05), except in 7 days period (p > 0.05). G4 presented higher pH values than G1 and G2, but the calcium release was similar for all periods (p > 0.05). G3 presented lower calcium release among all groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The addition of 10% calcium hydroxide in MTA Fillapex caused reduction in flow and no negative interference in pH and/or calcium release. However, the obtained flow is different from ISO requirements. Clinical relevance MTA Fillapex presents levels of flow above the ISO norms. The addition of calcium hydroxide is a suggestion for solving this problem, but the impact of these procedures should be carefully evaluated. How to cite this article Keine KC, Guiotti FA, Leonardo RT, Kuga MC, Duarte MAH, de Campos EA, de Andrade MF. Influence of the Addition of Calcium Hydroxide Powder on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Sealer MTA Fillapex. World J Dent 2012;3(2):180-183.

scholarly journals Marine-Derived Collagen as Biomaterials for Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Xu ◽  
Xue-Liang Peng ◽  
Hao-Ru Li ◽  
Jia-Xuan Liu ◽  
Ji-Si-Yu Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Collagen is a kind of biocompatible protein material, which is widely used in medical tissue engineering, drug delivery, cosmetics, food and other fields. Because of its wide source, low extraction cost and good physical and chemical properties, it has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. However, the application of collagen derived from terrestrial organisms is limited due to the existence of diseases, religious beliefs and other problems. Therefore, exploring a wider range of sources of collagen has become one of the main topics for researchers. Marine-derived collagen (MDC) stands out because it comes from a variety of sources and avoids issues such as religion. On the one hand, this paper summarized the sources, extraction methods and characteristics of MDC, and on the other hand, it summarized the application of MDC in the above fields. And on the basis of the review, we found that MDC can not only be extracted from marine organisms, but also from the wastes of some marine organisms, such as fish scales. This makes further use of seafood resources and increases the application prospect of MDC.

On Research of Basalt Fiber Used in Asphalt Concrete

2013 ◽  
Vol 791-793 ◽  
pp. 456-459
Author(s):  
Jian Jun Li ◽  
Yan Chun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Basalt Fibers ◽  
Green Material ◽  
New Type ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

As a new type of green material with excellent physical and chemical properties and mechanical properties. Basalt fiber are widely used in the field of civil construction. This paper focused on the use of basalt fibers to improve the mechanism of asphalt concrete, demonstrated the prospects and market value of the basalt fiber that are widely used in asphalt concrete

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