Some Effects of Solid Fillers in Rubbers

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
Ira Williams
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Volume Loading ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract The presence of pigments in rubber compounds produces physical properties which are of importance both before and after vulcanization. The ability of the unvulcanized mixture to calender or extrude smoothly with minimum swelling and to maintain shape during air cures, and the tensile strength, tear resistence, and abrasion resistance of vulcanized stocks all are affected. The methods by which these changes are brought about have been considered by many investigators and have been summarized by Parkinson1 and by Shepard, Street, and Park. Since carbon black is the most generally useful reinforcing pigment, it is natural that investigations have been directed particularly to this product. However, while it is recognized that differences exist in the final properties imparted by different pigments, all solid compounding ingredients have something in common. This point can be illustrated by the tear resistance imparted by such a variety of pigments as carbon black, zinc oxide, whiting, and clay. The effect of volume loading on the tear resistance of vulcanized stocks containing these materials, determined by the method of Zimmerman is shown in Figure 1. The effect of solid compounding ingredients can be studied only by considering the compound as a whole, since the properties are determined very largely by the relation between the solid particle and the matrix which surrounds it. Since the introduction of the many types of synthetic rubbers, the complexity of the problem has been greatly increased by the different states of polymerization, which affect the ability of the rubber to conform to the shape of the pigment particle and by the differences in polar nature which affect the type and the degree of adhesion between filler and matrix.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Reënforcing Action of Pigment Mixtures on Rubber Compounds

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
D. J. Beaver ◽  
J. W. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Soft Carbon ◽  
Acidic Compounds

Abstract Mixtures of varying ratios of either channel black or a soft carbon black with whiting, lithopone, or clay show additive physical properties. Mixtures of soft carbon with zinc oxide also show additive properties, while mixtures of channel black and zinc oxide show poorer resistance to abrasion, higher modulus, and higher tensile strength than would be shown by purely additive mixtures. The explanation of these results appears to be found in the chemical reaction between the basic zinc oxide and the acidic compounds in the rubber or on the black. These results have been applied to the formulation of a solid-tire stock which will give a better resistance to abrasion and blow-out when using a soft black than when using a channel black.

Processing Characteristics of Rubber Compounds- - -. Effect of Pigment Particle Size and Surface

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
A. H. Nellen ◽  
C. E. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Pigment Particle ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Processing Properties

Abstract A STUDY of the processing properties imparted by any pigment to a rubber compound is important in determining the most effective and economical type of pigment for a particular purpose. For example, in a truck tire carcass compound where zinc oxide may be the main pigment, in order to obtain the maximum quality this zinc oxide should be of the type which will give a soft uncured stock and free-flowing qualities so that the cords in the carcass may be thoroughly impregnated during the calendering and curing processes. Also, in a tread compound where channel black is the main pigment, that type of black which will allow faster incorporation into the rubber, faster extrusion, and better flowing qualities will result in manufacturing economies. In the case of both the zinc oxides and the carbon blacks it is essential that these desirable processing characteristics be obtained without losses in other properties, such as rate of cure, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance.

The Fibrous Properties and Abrasion Resistance of Synthetic Rubber Compounds

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-798
Author(s):  
A. Kusov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract 1. A method of measuring the tear resistance of rubber compounds was developed. This method has a number of advantages over other methods (Goodrich, Heidensohn, Goodyear, etc.), including the following. (a) The symmetrical shape and the large surface of tearing (20 sq. cm.). This excludes the possibility of short, accidental tears, and enables better observation of the nature of the tear. (b) Owing to the small size of the clamped portion of the specimen compared to the size of the tearing surface, “end effects” are largely eliminated. (c) Tearing forces are registered periodically (every 10 seconds), and it is possible in this way to determine the total energy expended on tearing, and the nature of its changes. (d) The experiments are easy to perform, and the apparatus is simple. 2. The addition of carbon black (10–100 per cent) to synthetic rubber compounds increases considerably the tear resistances of the vulcanized products. The best results are obtained with compounds containing between 50 and 75 per cent of carbon black. 3. A zinc oxide content of between 8 and 14 per cent improves the tear resistances of compounds of both synthetic and natural rubbers. 4. Compounds with increased fibrous structure show increased abrasion resistance when the fiber direction is parallel to the movement of the abrading surface. 5. Compounds cured for short times only show low tear resistances when made of synthetic rubbers of both low (0.31) and high (0.87) plasticity. The best results are obtained with compounds made of synthetic rubber of medium plasticity (0.53 and 0.40) (see Figure 4). 6. When comparing tear resistances, it is of the utmost importance to maintain the thickness of test-specimens within narrow limits. It is desirable to keep variations within 10–15 per cent. 7. The weakening of the uncut portion of a test-specimen with increase in depth of cut is less pronounced with compounds of synthetic rubber than it is with natural rubber compounds, particularly in the case of overcured samples. With synthetic compounds, this weakening effect varies 2–3 times; with natural rubber compounds it is 3.5–6.5 times. The relation between tear resistance and depth of cut is shown in Figure 5 and Table VI. 8. Carbon black compounds of both synthetic and natural rubbers exhibit various structural forms of tearing. Synthetic rubber compounds with low tear resistances show simple and smooth tearing surfaces, usually in the prolongation of the cut, or at a slight angle to it (Figure 1, type A or intermediate between A and B). Synthetic compounds with high tear resistances show complicated tearing surfaces (Figures 6 and 7, types C, D, E and F).

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NBR COMPOSITES WITH CARBON NANOTUBE AND CARBON BLACK

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Ryeoul Ryu ◽  
Jong-Whan Sung ◽  
Dong-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract The mechanical properties and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of elastomeric composites were investigated as functions of the extension ratio (λ), multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) content, and carbon black (CB) content. The tensile strength and modulus gradually increase with increasing CNT content when compared with the matrix and the filled rubbers with same amount of CB. Both properties of rubber with CB and CNT show the magnitude of each CNT and CB component following the Pythagorean Theorem. The ratio of tensile modulus is much higher than that of tensile strength because of the CNT shape/orientation and an imperfect adhesion between CNT and rubber. The tensile strength and modulus of the composite with a CNT content of 9 phr increases up to 31% and 91%, respectively, compared with the matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis reveals that the degree of SIC increases with an increase in CNT content. Mechanical properties have a linear relation with the latent heat of crystallization (LHc), depending on the CNT content. As the extension ratio increases, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the composite increases for CB- and CNT-reinforced cases. However, the LHc has a maximum of λ = 1.5 for the CNT-reinforced case, which relates to a CNT shape and an imperfect adhesion with rubber. Based on these results, the reinforcing mechanisms of CNT and CB are discussed.

Processability and Mechanical Properties of CB/PVC Composite

2013 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
Xiu Qi Liu ◽  
He Qin Xing ◽  
Li Li Zhao ◽  
Dan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
The Matrix

In our study, a new kind of material was prepared by melt blending with PVC as the matrix and carbon black (CB) as the filler. With the amount of CB increasing, the notched impact strength of composite increased greatly, however the tensile strength declined. When the amount of CB was 30%, the notched impact strength of composite was 9.66 KJ/m2, the tensile strength dropped from 48.3MPa to 33.2MPa. The distribution of CB in the PVC matrix is relatively uniform and no large agglomeration in the PVC matrix.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KOMPOSISI PENGISI SERTA TEKANAN HOT PRESS TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK KOMPOSIT POLIESTER BERPENGISI NANO PARTIKEL ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Regy A Putra Ginting ◽  
Maulida
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Pressure Variation ◽  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Polyester Composites ◽  
Scanning Electron

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of filler loading and pressure of hot press on tensile strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled polyester composites. The Composites were prepared by using polyester as the matrix, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) as the catalyst. The composites were filled by the zinc oxide at 0%; 1%; 3%; 5%; and 7% were molded by hot press with pressure variation of 50 psi, 75 psi, 100 psi, 125 psi and 150 psi. Composites have been molded, then tested for the characteristics Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and tests of tensile strength. The best result of tensile strength, impact and flexural were found on the addition of 3% ZnO at a pressure of 150 psi with a tensile strength of 55,12 MPa. SEM characterization showed a rough surface on the addition of 3% ZnO at a pressure of 150 psi because had a good wetting between matrix and filler ZnO.

The Effect of Carbon Black Parameters on the Fatigue Life of Filled Rubber Compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Dizon ◽  
A. E. Hicks ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
As Stress

Abstract Fatigue is defined as decay caused by cyclic deformations at an amplitude less than necessary for fracture in one cycle. Such failures are initiated by flaws which act as stress concentrators. These flaws occur in the material either through mechanical or chemical action during service or through agglomeration of certain ingredients during mixing and fabrication. This paper deals with the latter process, where the nature and size of the flaws as well as the properties of the matrix are contingent on carbon black variables. Using the tearing energy concept of fatigue developed by Lake and Lindley, it was shown that the size of the flaw is primarily determined by carbon black particle size. On the other hand, the cut growth constant depends on carbon black structure. When translated to actual fatigue life using the Monsanto Fatigue-to-Failure Tester, these relationships mean that under constant strain conditions, compounds containing coarse carbons will have a significantly higher fatigue life than those with fine carbons. Under conditions of constant strain, higher structure carbons will impart a slight positive effect. However, under conditions of constant stress, the beneficial effects of structure become magnified. Other factors known to affect fatigue life were also considered. These are : set, stress relaxation, hysteretic energy dissipation, and flaw size distribution.

Vulcanization of Rubber Compounds

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 918-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Booth ◽  
D. J. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Sulfide Content ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide Content

Abstract 1. Rubber dissolves approximately one per cent of hydrogen sulfide when saturated at room temperature. 2. All types of commercial accelerators are retarded in rate of vulcanization as a result of treatment with hydrogen sulfide, and the retardation is directly proportional to the hydrogen sulfide content. 3. The physical properties of mercaptobenzothiazole types of accelerators and diphenylguanidine are not permanently affected by hydrogen sulfide, but dithiocarbamates, thiuram sulfides, aldehydeamines and litharge are permanently affected. 4. Rubber compounds containing mercaptobenzothiazole types of accelerators or diphenylguanidine, which have been treated with hydrogen sulfide and then degassed in a vacuum oven, show normal rate of vulcanization. Compounds containing aldehydeamines, litharge or carbon black show permanent retarding, even after degassing. 5. Increased zinc oxide or sulfur has no appreciable effect on the retardation. 6. Little or no zinc sulfide is formed as a result of treatment with hydrogen sulfide. 7. Hydrogen sulfide treatment of rubber compounds retards the rate of combination of sulfur with rubber. 8. In no case did hydrogen sulfide treatment improve the physical properties of the vulcanizate.

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