Long-term immunity alterations in the employees of the high hydrogen sulfide content gas condensate processing facility

The current measures for protection of the gas processing plant employees cannot fully prevent the impact of pollutants. Evaluation of the immune system is one of the methods for monitoring of the employees' health, and testing the system of measures used to improve the working conditions. The study was aimed to identify alterations in the immune status of the employees at the gas processing and high hydrogen sulfide content condensate processing facility depending on their working experience. The working environment and the employees' immune system were evaluated by standard methods. Pollutants were detected with the Bruel & Kjaer 1302 Multi-Gas Monitor, and the Tsvet-550 gas chromatographer. A total of 160 employees and 81 controls (blood donors of the regional blood transfusion station) were surveyed. The immune system was evaluated using the System 9000 Plus hematological analyser, Cyto FLEX LX flow cytometer, UNICO 2100UV specrophotometer, and KFK-3-03-ZОМЗ photometer. It was concluded that the existing complex of occupational and industrial hazards affects the immune status of the main production unit employees, which is reflected in the decreased CD20 levels and increased CD8 levels along with the constant levels of CD4. Correlations were revealed between the immuniglobuline level alterations, decrease in the phagocytic index and phagocytic number, as well in lysozyme activity, and the working experience. Pollutant exposure results in altered immunity of the employees, which could be considered the adaptation mechanism.

Influence of Selected Substrate Dosage on the Process of Biogas Installation Start-Up in Real Conditions

This paper presents an analysis of selected parameters of biogas, formed as a result of methane fermentation, during the start-up of a biogas installation, using water, liquid manure, corn silage and inoculated sludge as substrates. Moreover, the dependencies between the type and amount of the supplied substrate and the obtained parameters of biogas and fermentation mass are presented and explained. During 59 days after the start of the biogas plant operation, the methane content increased to a maximum of about 62%. Finally, after about 80 days, the methane content stabilized at a constant level of about 55%. CO2 content increased from about 6% (day 32) to about 46% (day 84), with a clear linear correlation between carbon dioxide and methane content. Oxygen content decreased from about 18% (day 32) to about 0.3% (day 84) as the resulting gases displaced air from the reactor, and there was also a linear correlation between oxygen and methane content. The hydrogen sulfide content decreased from about 76 ppm (day 32) to about 0 ppm (day 47), after which, in a clear power correlation to the methane content, it maximally increased to 890 ppm (day 61). However, for the sake of safe engine operation, the desulfurization plant was started on day 63, which resulted in a H2S concentration below 50 ppm on day 74 of the experiment. The final hydrogen sulfide content was 9 ppm on day 84 of the biogas plant start-up.

Hydrogen sulfide content in pregnant women with preeclampsia in late gestation and their newborns

We examined 70 women who were 22-40 weeks pregnant and their newborns. Of these, 15 women with moderate PE made up group 1, 22 women with severe PE-group 2, and 55 women with uncomplicated pregnancy without hypertensive disorders - the control group. Blood was collected from women when they were admitted to the clinic, and blood was taken from newborns for 3-5 days of life. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was determined by the method of K. Qu et al [17]. There was a decrease in the level of hydrogen sulfide in the blood serum of women whose pregnancy was complicated by severe preeclampsia. In newborns born to mothers with preeclampsia, an increase in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was detected in the blood, which is probably a compensatory reaction aimed at restoring vascular homeostasis during early postnatal adaptation.

REMOÇÃO DE H2S EM ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA PELO MÉTODO DE DESSORÇÃO GASOSA

<p class="Default">Dos recursos que a natureza proporciona, a água é essencial à sobrevivência do meio biótico. Não só está disponível na superfície terrestre como também pode ser captada em aquíferos subterrâneos. Entretanto, para ser consumida, a água deve estar apta para tal, obedecendo aos critérios de potabilidade, contendo as concentrações permitidas de agentes contaminantes e poluentes ou estando livre dessas substâncias, que podem atribuir cor, gosto e/ou odor. Dentre os contaminantes comuns em águas subterrâneas, encontra-se o sulfeto de hidrogênio que confere um odor característico, idêntico ao de ovo podre. O presente estudo analisou a qualidade da água do poço construído no Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (IFBA), <em>campus</em> Porto Seguro, cuja concentração de H₂S foi determinada por titulação iodométrica. A partir do método de dessorção gasosa, o objetivo foi remover o sulfeto contido na água. A pesquisa exigiu construção de uma torre de dessorção de bancada, operando em batelada, com vazão de entrada do ar constante de 13,59 m³ h^-1. A vazão de alimentação de água foi 0,0030 m³ h^-1 e 0,0015 m³ h^-1 e o rendimento do sistema para a remoção do sulfeto obtido para essas vazões foi de 60,842 ± 1,859% e 68,326 ± 2,352%, respectivamente. Os resultados atenderam às expectativas acerca da remoção do teor de sulfeto de hidrogênio dissolvido na água bem como mostraram que o protótipo da torre de dessorção pode ser utilizado em grande escala. </p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Águas Subterrâneas; Odor e Gosto; Sulfeto de Hidrogênio; Dessorção; Poço Profundo</p><p> </p><p align="center">REMOVAL OF H₂S IN GROUNDWATER BY THE GAS DESORPTION METHOD</p><p class="Default"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The resources that nature provides, water is essential to the culture of the biotic environment. It is not only available in the Earth's surface, but also can be captured in underground aquifers. However, to be consumed, the water must be able to do so, according to the potability criteria, containing the allowable concentrations of contaminants and pollutants or being free of these substances that give color, taste and odor. Among the common contaminants in groundwater, hydrogen sulfide gives characteristic odor similar to rotten eggs. The present study analyzed the water quality of the artesian well built at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia (IFBA), campus Porto Seguro, whose H₂S concentration was determined by iodometric. Using the gas desorption method, the objective was removed sulfide contained in the water. The research required the construction of a bench-top desorption tower, operating in batches, with a constant air intake flow of 13.59 m³ h^-1. The water supply flow was 0.0030 m³ h^-1and 0.0015 m³ h^-1and the system yield for removing the sulfide obtained for these flows was 60.842 ± 1.859% and 68.326 ± 2.352%, respectively. The expectations met expectations regarding the removal of the hydrogen sulfide content dissolved in the water as well as determining that the desorption tower prototype can be used on a large scale.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Groundwater; Odor and Taste; Hydrogen Sulfide; Desorption; Artesian Well</p>

Development of A Polymer Material for A Chemical Sensor Gas Sensitive Element that Determines Hydrogen Sulfide Based on Pan

Recently, in chemical sensors of gases operating at low temperatures, polymeric materials with semiconducting properties are used as a gas sensitive element. One of these materials is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The use of PAN based film as a gas sensitive material has great potential for creating sensors that operate at room temperature without heating. Development of a technology for the production of metal-containing films based on polyacrylonitrile to create unheated sensors for detecting hydrogen sulfide and studying their properties [1]. A semiconductor sensor for detecting hydrogen sulfide, made using fuels and lubricants based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN), received the symbol "P.SS-H2S". It was investigated that the analytical signal of a hydrogen sulfide sensor (σgas/σweather) based on tungsten and copper oxides depends on the amount of the detected component (SH2S ) in the mixture. The developed sensors: S.S-H2S WO3-5% CuO, S.S-H2S WO3-10% CuO and P. S.S-H2S can be used for analytical control of hydrogen sulfide content in objects of various nature.

Comparative assessment of biological activity of peloids of Ukraine of different genesis

The article presents the results of comprehensive studies of the influence of peloids from different geographic regions of Ukraine and different genesis on the course of experimental pathology. Methods:At the first stage of research we have determined the type of peloids these are medium-mineralized weakly sulfide magnesium-sodium silt peloids, low-ash organic sapropels, and peat low-mineralized high-ash sulfide-free peloids. Physicochemical parameters have been established: mass fraction of moisture, volumetric weight, hydrogen sulfide content, contamination with particles with a diameter greater than 0.25 × 10-3 m, shear stress, stickiness, specific heat capacity, the content of organic substances, colloidal complex, the concentration of water conduit ions (pH) , redox potential (Eh). In the second stage of the study, 55 white rats were examined for the state of the liverʹs detoxification function (by carrying out a metabolic test using sodium thiopental) and the morphological form of the liver in normal conditions and toxic alcoholic hepatosis. The toxic alcoholic hepatosis model was induced by daily (30 days) intragastric watering of animals with a 25% solution of ethyl alcohol. From the 15th day, the rats received a course of applications: a cake with the corresponding peloids was applied to the bare part of the back. Results: It was determined that the peloids used had a positive effect on animalsʹ condition, which was expressed in the restoration of the detoxification function of the liver and its structural and functional organization. The most substantial positive effect is observed when using silt-sulfide peloids, which, according to the authors, is due to the peculiarities of their physicochemical composition (increased content of magnesium, chlorides, sodium, as well as hydrogen sulfide). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the studied peloids meet the criteria for the quality of therapeutic peloids in terms of physicochemical parameters, biological activity, and expands the possibilities of their application in balneology. Keywords: liver, toxic alcoholic hepatosis, rats, peloids,

Season dynamics of microclimate parameters in the premises for keeping suckling sows farm with different ventilation systems

The article investigated the dependence of the microclimate indicators in the premises for keeping suckling sows on the design features of the ventilation system. The annual dynamics of seasonal temperature fluctuations in both premises of the reproducer of the farm, as well as in the zone of piglets' vital activity, was recorded within the normal range. At the same time, when using the classical type of ventilation, the temperature indicators were significantly higher in summer compared to similar values in premises with a geothermal type of ventilation. At the same time, the amplitude of fluctuations in the annual dynamics of the piglet den temperature was higher in premises with an experimental type of ventilation relative to the traditional one and with a slight relative excess of the optimal value of the indicator by 0,1 ° C in the spring months. The temperature regime of the den of sows both in the study and in the control premises during the study period was characterized by uneven differences in off-season indicators: when using classical ventilation, the peak fell in the summer period, when using ventilation with underground air supply, in winter, however, without exceeding the optimal values. The air velocity in both rooms increased during the summer months. At the same time, with the traditional system for creating a microclimate, a stable reliable excess of this indicator relative to the values of the studied system was recorded, as well as its excess of the norm in summer. For the studied system with underground air supply, on the contrary, low values were noted and extremely low in the winter season. Both ventilation systems ensured optimal air humidity during the study period. The carbon dioxide content tended to increase in the autumn months in both premises, however, it exceeded the norm only when using traditional ventilation during this period – by 0,02% vol. Average values of ammonia content were kept in the optimal zone during all seasons with a slight increase in concentrations in autumn. However, the experimental microclimate system allowed a significantly higher NH3 content than in control premises system in the summer months at 1,99 mg/m3 or 150,09%. The hydrogen sulfide content was optimal for both premises during the year. But the premises where the investigated air preparation system "Exatop" was installed significantly higher in the concentration of H2 S, by 64,81% (p<0,001) in spring, by 61,14% (p<0,001) in summer and by 43,00% (p<0,001) in autumn, relative to premises with a traditional air preparation system. Despite the shown dependence of the microclimate indicators on the type of ventilation, it should be noted that it is important to continue further studies of the influence of these factors. Key words: sow, piglet, type of ventilation, multiple births, piglet nest weight, safety, season.

Ultrasonic intensification of hydrogen sulphide removal from fuel oil

The article considers the problem of environmental pollution caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide in fuel oil. Hydrogen sulfide has a negative impact on the human health: a slight degree of poisoning develops within 3-4 hours already at a 100 mg/m3 concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air. The regulatory documents limit the hydrogen sulfide content in fuel oil. The search for new available methods of cleaning fuel oil from hydrogen sulfide is relevant today. There has been considered one of the alternative methods of hydrogen sulfide removal from fuel oil, namely, ultrasonic treatment. The method allows changing the dispersed composition of fuel oil and intensifying the extraction of the gas phase of hydrogen sulfide. The advantages of ultrasonic treatment include the absence of injected reagents and environmental cleanliness, small size, low energy costs and the possibility of using ultrasound unit at existing refineries due to its compactness. The influence of the ultrasonic unit capacity and flow rate on hydrogen sulfide removal from fuel oil and change of its dispersion composition has been studied. There have been presented the optimal conditions for ultrasonic treatment and described the mechanism of hydrogen sulfide removal by using ultrasonic treatment

Quality Assessment of Groundwater in the Vicinity of Coir Retting Areas of Kadinamkulam Estuary, South India

The present study was conducted in the selected groundwater bodies of the coastal gramapanchayath near Kadinamkulam estuary during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. Kadinamkulam estuary is one of the major coir-retting areas in Kerala. The major objective of the study is to assess the physico- chemical characteristics and hydrogen sulfide pollution of groundwater in the residential areas of Azhoor Gramapanchayath in Thiruvananthapuram district. Surface water samples from selected stations were also collected from the Kadinamkulam estuary. The physico-chemical characteristics of water were analyzed following the standard procedures in APHA (2012). The results show that the recorded values for color, pH, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen sulfide were above the permissible limits of drinking water quality standards (Bureau of Indian Standards, 1991; WHO, 1993, 1996). This may be due leaching of effluents from the coir retting activity in the Kadinamkulam estuary and due to the disposal of solid wastes. The study also revealed that the hydrogen sulfide content was high in lake water samples which affect the primary productivity of the water body. The correlation and principal component analysis shows that color is an important parameter and from cluster, analysis it was found that phosphate and hydrogen sulfide content significantly affect the groundwater quality. The study concludes that the groundwater sources in the study area are getting contaminated due to the leaching of pollutants from Kadinamkulam estuary and anthropogenic activities in the nearby residential areas.

SPECIFICS OF WELL KILLING TECHNOLOGY DURING WELL SERVICE OPERATION IN COMPLICATED CONDITIONS

The process of the well killing operations in the oil and gas condensate field in Volga-Ural province is complicated due to several conditions like fractured carbonate reservoir, abnormally low reservoir pressure, high gas-oil ratio, high hydrogen sulfide content, acid fracturing, and hydrochloric acid treatments requirement. During the well killing process, significant gas breakthroughs and fluid loss are observed in this field, which requires significant usage of blocking compositions (up to 50-100 m3 per single well) and increases the well service costs. The aim of this work was to increase the well killing efficiency during well service by studying the mechanisms that take place near the wellbore zone during this process. The application of statistical and multifactor analysis of well-killing processes were conducted from 2018 to 2019, which allowed highlighting the main reasons for the low success of these works. The calculation results showed that the stress state near the well significantly differs from the regional stress field and varies depending on the generated pressure in the well, which in turn affects the activity of fractures near the wellbore. The revealed mechanisms that take place near the wellbore zone coupled with the laboratory and pilot tests of the blocking compositions can be used to improve the well service operations at the oil and gas condensate field in the Volga-Ural province. In this work, it was concluded that it is important to use the geomechanical approach to increase the well killing efficiency in combination with a complex of laboratory rheological and filtration tests of blocking compositions.