Response of Elastomers to High Temperature Cure

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Steam Pressure ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Improved Methods

Abstract It is well known to production people and to process engineers engaged in manufacturing rubber products that the output of curing operations can be greatly increased by elevating the temperature of vulcanization. For example, work done in the 1920's led to the curing of rubber-covered wire at 400° F using a continuous vulcanization (CV) process. Highly accelerated compounds capable of complete vulcanization in 15 seconds at 400° F are used in the wire industry. More recently the application of high temperature vulcanization methods has been vigorously pressed in the tire industry. While exact curing cycles are closely guarded secrets, it can be stated that passenger tires are vulcanized at temperatures up to 388° F (200 psi steam pressure) using press cycles of the order of 15 to 25 minutes' duration. New automatic presses which shape and then cure the tires at high temperatures—for example, Bagomatic tire curing press, McNeil Machinery & Engineering Co., Akron, Ohio—permit large economies in labor and productivity. Further reductions in curing cycles are anticipated, since the process engineers and rubber technologists continue to develop improved methods of high temperature curing. At this time it appears that the trend to higher temperature vulcanization will not only continue but tend to expand into other lines of rubber products. Considering the economic advantages which a given company may gain by a major advance in high temperature curing of tires or other rubber goods, it is not surprising that there have been only a few disclosures on high temperature curing technology.

scholarly journals XIX.—Magnetization and Resistance of Nickel Wire at High Temperatures. Part II.

1907 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
C. G. Knott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
British Association ◽  
Nickel Wire ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Association Meeting ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Wire

The experiments which form the subject of the present communication were carried out two years ago, and supplement results already published. A brief note of some of the results was read before the Society in June 1904, and was also read before the British Association Meeting at Cambridge in August of the same year.The previous paper discussed the effect of high temperature on the relation between electrical resistance and magnetization when the wire was magnetized longitudinally, that is, in the direction in which the resistance was measured.The present results have to do with the effect of high temperature on the relation between resistance and magnetization when the magnetization was transverse to the direction along which the resistance was measured.

scholarly journals Temporal Patterns of Flowering and Pod Set of Determinate Soybean in Response to High Temperature

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yean-Uk Kim ◽  
Doug-Hwan Choi ◽  
Ho-Young Ban ◽  
Beom-Seok Seo ◽  
Junhwan Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Pod Number

Global warming is expected to affect yield-determining factors of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), including the number of flowers and pods. However, little is known about the effects of high temperature on the temporal patterns of flowering and pod set. Experiments in the temperature-controlled greenhouses were conducted to examine the temporal pattern of flowering in determinate soybean cultivar “Sinpaldalkong” and to assess the effects of high temperature on the flower number, pod-set ratio, and pod number of the early- and late-opened-flowers and their contributions to overall pod number. The experiment comprised five sowing dates in 2013–2015 and four temperature treatments, namely ambient temperature (AT), AT + 1.5 °C, AT + 3.0 °C, and AT + 5.0 °C. Flowering duration (i.e., days between the first flowering and the last flowering) was extended by higher temperature and earlier sowing. The temporal distribution of flowering showed a bimodal distribution except for the experiment with the shortest flowering duration, i.e., second sowing in 2014. More flowers were produced in the late flowering period at high temperatures; however, most of these late-opened-flowers failed to reproduce, regardless of temperature conditions, resulting in a negligible contribution to the overall pod number. For the early-opened-flowers, the number of flowers was not significantly affected by temperature, while the pod-set ratio and pod number decreased with high temperatures resulting in a decrease in the overall pod number at temperatures above 29.4 °C.

Preparation of Butadiene

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-210
Author(s):  
Stanley Francis Birch
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Oil Gas

Abstract OF THE numerous methods available for the preparation of butadiene in the laboratory, those described by Thiele and by Ostromuislenskii are probably the most convenient. Both, however, suffer from the disadvantages which usually characterize operations at comparatively high temperatures; the exact conditions are difficult to find, the process is long and tedious, and finally involves the separation of the required material from a complex mixture. It has long been known that butadiene occurs in the various products obtained when oils are heated to a high temperature. Caventou first isolated butadiene in the form of its tetrabromide from illuminating gas, and Armstrong and Miller definitely established the presence of butadiene in the liquid obtained by compressing oil gas. The work of numerous later investigators has confirmed their results and has shown that the more drastic the heat treatment to which the oil is submitted the greater is the tendency for butadiene to be formed. For this reason vapor-phase cracking of petroleum, which is carried out at a much higher temperature than liquid-phase cracking, yields products specially rich in butadiene.

High-Speed Vulcanization of Rubber

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-761
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemp ◽  
J. H. Ingmanson
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Steam Pressure ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Western Electric ◽  
Soft Rubber

Abstract PRIOR to about 1906 when organic accelerators were first employed in the tire industry, vulcanization practice for soft rubber generally involved the use of larger amounts of sulfur than is now customary. Acceleration of vulcanization was obtained by the use of liberal amounts of one or more of the oxides of zinc, calcium, magnesium, or lead. As the new and faster organic accelerators have been employed, the amount of sulfur used has been gradually decreased until it now ranges from about 0.5 to 5 per cent of the rubber; the general tendency is towards the use of the smaller quantity. In the rubber-insulated-wire industry in this country, it is becoming general practice to employ the Western Electric Company's continuous vulcanizing process (1) whereby highly accelerated soft-rubber insulating compositions are completely vulcanized at 198° C. in a few seconds on the wire as it passes continuously at high speed from the insulating machine through a long pipe filled with steam under about 200 pounds per square inch (14.1 kg. per sq. cm.) pressure. This process is rapidly displacing the older one of coiling the insulated wires on drums or in pans filled with soapstone powder and vulcanizing in large autoclaves for periods of 1 to 5 hours under 20 to 40 pounds steam pressure (126° to 142° C.). The continuous process eliminates the objectionable soapstone dust and produces more uniformly vulcanized wire which is free from crossover defects and flattening of the insulation. The process also provides attractive economies in manufacture.

scholarly journals 835 PB 349 HIGH-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SOLUBLE OLIGOSACCHARIDE LEVELS IN SPINACH SEEDS DURING IMBIBITION AND GERMINATION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 552g-553
Author(s):  
Virgil Esensce ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Membrane Stabilization ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Higher Temperature

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea, L. cv. `Ark88-354'. `Fall Green', `Cascade') seeds of varying sensitivities to high temperatures during imbibition and germination were subjected to constant 18, 30 and 36°C for 96 hours during imbibition. Those cultivars less sensitive to high temperatures (`Ark88-354' and `Fall Green') imbibed water more rapidly at higher temperatures and had greater initial levels of raffinose and sucrose than the sensitive cultivar `Cascade'. Glucose levels were initially zero in all cultivars and increased slightly with time. Germination was more rapid at 18°C and 30°C in `Ark88-354' and `Fall Green' than with `Cascade'; the latter also failed 10 germinate at the higher temperature. Raffinose and sucrose have been implicated in membrane stabilization during desiccation and extreme low temperatures. They may serve a similar role during imbibition and germination of spinach at high temperatures, reducing secondary thermodormancy.

High Temperature n- and p-type Doped Microcrystalline Silicon Layers Grown by VHF PECVD Layer-by-Layer Deposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 762 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gordijn ◽  
J.K. Rath ◽  
R.E.I. Schropp
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Silicon Layer ◽  
Dark Conductivity ◽  
High Deposition Rate ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Microcrystalline Silicon

AbstractDue to the high temperatures used for high deposition rate microcrystalline (μc-Si:H) and polycrystalline silicon, there is a need for compact and temperature-stable doped layers. In this study we report on films grown by the layer-by-layer method (LbL) using VHF PECVD. Growth of an amorphous silicon layer is alternated by a hydrogen plasma treatment. In LbL, the surface reactions are separated time-wise from the nucleation in the bulk. We observed that it is possible to incorporate dopant atoms in the layer, without disturbing the nucleation. Even at high substrate temperatures (up to 400°C) doped layers can be made microcrystalline. At these temperatures, in the continuous wave case, crystallinity is hindered, which is generally attributed to the out-diffusion of hydrogen from the surface and the presence of impurities (dopants).We observe that the parameter window for the treatment time for p-layers is smaller compared to n-layers. Moreover we observe that for high temperatures, the nucleation of p-layers is more adversely affected than for n-layers. Thin, doped layers have been structurally, optically and electrically characterized. The best n-layer made at 400°C, with a thickness of only 31 nm, had an activation energy of 0.056 eV and a dark conductivity of 2.7 S/cm, while the best p-layer made at 350°C, with a thickness of 29 nm, had an activation energy of 0.11 V and a dark conductivity of 0.1 S/cm. The suitability of these high temperature n-layers has been demonstrated in an n-i-p microcrystalline silicon solar cell with an unoptimized μc-Si:H i-layer deposited at 250°C and without buffer. The Voc of the cell is 0.48 V and the fill factor is 70 %.

NICROFER 5520 Co

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract NICROFER 5520 Co is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy with excellent strength and creep properties up to high temperatures. Due to its balanced chemical composition the alloy shows outstanding resistance to high temperature corrosion in the form of oxidation and carburization. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-480. Producer or source: VDM Technologies Corporation.

CARLSON ALLOY C601

Alloy Digest ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Extended Exposure ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Abstract Carlson Alloy C601 is characterized by high tensile, yield and creep-rupture strengths for high temperature service. The alloy is not embrittled by extended exposure to high temperatures and has excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, to carburizing, nitriding and sulfur containing environments. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-458. Producer or source: G.O. Carlson Inc.

INCOTHERM TD

Alloy Digest ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Incotherm TD is a thermocouple-sheathing alloy with elements of silicon and rare earths to enhance oxidation resistance at high temperatures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties as well as deformation. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming. Filing Code: Ni-628. Producer or source: Special Metals Corporation.

HASTELLOY ALLOY X

Alloy Digest ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molybdenum Alloy ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Nickel Chromium

Abstract HASTELLOY Alloy X is a nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy recommended for high-temperature applications. It has outstanding oxidation resistance at high temperatures under most operating conditions, and good high-temperature strength. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: Ni-14. Producer or source: Haynes Stellite Company.

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