EMERGING ADVANCES IN RUBBER TECHNOLOGY BY THE SUITABLE APPLICATION OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT In recent years, the application of sol-gel science to industrial polymer research has offered advancements in rubber technology. The use of sol-gel–synthesized materials for the development of highly reinforced rubber composites is the most commonly adopted and popular method exercised by rubber scientists. This article comprehensively reviews the recent progress regarding preparation and properties of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles-based rubber composites. The pragmatic consequences of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles in rubber compounds are systematically described through rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties. Emphatic focus is given to understanding the reinforcement mechanism of rubber composites by the use of sol-gel–derived alkoxide silica as filler. The properties of rubber nanocomposites are usually dependent on the dispersion of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles into the rubber matrix. The results reviewed from prolific studies suggested that sol-gel science has tremendous potential to develop high performance rubber nanocomposites for future industrial application.

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A critical review on the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers in filled rubber composites

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics ◽

10.1177/0095244319835869 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 167-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kumarjyoti Roy ◽

Subhas Chandra Debnath ◽

Pranut Potiyaraj

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

New Era ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Mechanism Of Interaction ◽

Filler Dispersion

Presently, the development of high-performance filled rubber composites offers a new era in the industrial field of polymer research. This article reviews the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers on the successive property enhancement of rubber composites containing different commonly used fillers like silica, nanoclay, carbon nanotube, natural fibers, and so on. The practical importance of reinforcement modifiers in rubber technology is systematically described in the light of filler dispersion, processing, and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. A special emphasis is given on the mechanism of interaction between reinforcement modifiers and filler surface in filled rubber composites. Filler dispersion in the rubber matrix is the key parameter that controls the ultimate performance and rubber–filler interaction of filled rubber system. The use of some fixed reinforcement modifiers is an innovative way not only to solve the dispersion problem of filler particles but also to increase the reinforcing ability of most of the fillers in filled rubber products. Thus, the concept of reinforcement modifiers has the potential to facilitate further development of filler reinforcement technology for rubber-based composite materials.

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Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles Extracted from Jasmine and Riceberry Rice Husk Ashes

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.31 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 936 ◽

pp. 31-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wichudaporn Seangyen ◽

Paweena Prapainainar ◽

Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽

Surapich Loykulnant ◽

Peerapan Dittanet

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Reinforcing Fillers ◽

Rubber Nanocomposites ◽

Jasmine Rice ◽

20 Nm

Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by rice husk ash (RHA) produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk via sol-gel method for the use as reinforcing fillers in natural rubber (NR). The obtained silica nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the particle sizes were observed to be in the 10-20 nm range with uniformly size distribution. The surface of silica nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent confirmed by FTIR. The treated silica nanoparticles were then incorporated into NR and vulcanized with electron beam irradiation. The rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles, produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk, resulted in higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) than neat rubber vulcanizate. The modified rubber vulcanizates revealed rougher surface with tear lines as compared to the neat rubber vulcanizates, indicating the improved strength. Interestingly, the rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles from jasmine rice husk showed higher tensile strength and modulus than silica nanoparticles produced from riceberry rice husk. The micrographs indicated better dispersion of NR composites with jasmine rice husk which leads to a strong interaction between silica nanoparticles and rubber matrix, thereby improving the strength.

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Rivet-Inspired Modification of Aramid Fiber by Decorating with Silica Particles to Enhance the Interfacial Interaction and Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13112665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2665

Author(s):

Yihang Li ◽

Yuzhu Xiong ◽

Qingpo Zhang

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Materials ◽

High Performance ◽

High Surface ◽

Silica Particles ◽

Interfacial Interaction ◽

Aramid Fiber ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Surface Modified

A rivet–inspired method of decorating aramid fiber (AF) with silica particles (SiO2) is proposed to produce SiO2@AF hybrid materials that have largely enhanced interfacial interaction with the rubber matrix. AF was firstly surface-modified with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to obtain PAA–AF, and SiO2 was silanized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to obtain APES–SiO2. Then, SiO2@AF was prepared by chemically bonding APES–SiO2 onto the surface of PAA–AF in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). With the incorporation of SiO2@AF into the rubber matrix, SiO2@AF hybrid materials with high surface roughness can play a role as ‘rivets’ to immobilize large numbers of rubber chains on the surface. The tear strength and tensile strength of rubber composite that filling 4 phr SiO2@AF are dramatically increased by 97.8% and 89.3% compared to pure rubber, respectively. Furthermore, SiO2@AF has superiority in enhancing the cutting resistance of rubber composites, in contrast with unmodified AF and SiO2. SiO2@AF is suitable to be applied as a novel reinforcing filler in rubber composites for high performance.

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Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13050821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 821

Author(s):

Pilar Bernal-Ortega ◽

M. Mar Bernal ◽

Anke Blume ◽

Antonio González-Jiménez ◽

Pilar Posadas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

High Performance ◽

Viscoelastic Behavior ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Van Der Waals Interactions ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Covalent Bonds ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Rubber Compounds

The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler–rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber–CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.

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High-Performance Silica/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Materials Prepared by In Situ Sol-Gel Process

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.804 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 308-310 ◽

pp. 804-807

Author(s):

Jian Jiao ◽

Liang Zou ◽

Pan Bo Liu ◽

Guang Li Wu

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Heat Resistance ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Hybrid Materials ◽

High Performance ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

In Suit ◽

Gel Temperature

Silica/epoxy resin hybrid materials are prepared with tetraethylorthosilicate (Si(OC2H5)4, TEOS) and γ-aminoproplytriethyoxysiliane (H2N(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, APTES) as the silica sources, epoxy resin as the polymer matrix, by the means of in-suit sol-gel method. The dosages of TEOS and APTES in preparation of hybrid materials, and the sol-gel temperature for silica resources are discussed to make sure of the influence of the structure and properties on hybrid materials. The dispersion of Silica in the epoxy resin are examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The image of fracture surfaces of hybrid materials are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The glass transmission temperatures (Tg) are tested by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to characterize the heat resistance of hybrid materials. The optimum mechanical performance and heat resistance for silica/epoxy resin hybrid materials are achieved with 3wt% TEOS and APTES 2wt% employed in this materials when sol-gel temperature is 60°C. In general, the mechanical and thermal properties of the hybrid materials were improved greatly as compared with the pure epoxy resin.

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Influence of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide amount on the properties of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber-based composites

Science and Engineering of Composite Materials ◽

10.1515/secm-2014-0156 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 357-362

Author(s):

Omar A. Al-Hartomy ◽

Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi ◽

Said A. Farha Al Said ◽

Nikolay Dishovsky ◽

Mihail Mihaylov

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Coupling Agents ◽

Silane Coupling Agents ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Curing Characteristics ◽

Epoxy Groups

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to investigate the influence of the amount of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on the curing characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (Epoxyprene 50) filled with 70 phr silica. The obtained results showed that although the interaction between the epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber and the silanol groups of silica through hydrogen bonds improves the dispersion of filler in the rubber matrix, the presence of silane coupling agents is necessary to obtain rubber compounds and vulcanizates with good vulcanization characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties.

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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Kaolin/Natural Rubber Nanocomposites Prepared by the Conventional Two-Roll Mill Method

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.142 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 164 ◽

pp. 142-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Qian Zhang ◽

Yu De Zhang ◽

Yan Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Filler Loading ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Roll Mill ◽

Thermal Analyser ◽

Rubber Nanocomposites

Nanoomposites consisting of natural rubber (NR) reinforced with the modified kaolin were fabricated. The effect of modified kaolin loading on the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates was examined by varying its incorporation (20–50 phr). The NR-based nanocomposites were characterized using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Instron tensile machine and thermal analyser. These filled NR composites exhibit outstanding mechanical properties and much higher thermal stability compared to the pure NR. The hardness and tensile properties increased with increasing filler loading and an optimum of tensile strength was achieved at 50 phr of modified kaolin. The morphological studies by TEM revealed that kaolinite layers were finely dispersed into the natural rubber matrix and orientationally arranged in parallel

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Surface Modification of Staple Carbon Fiber by Dopamine to Reinforce Natural Latex Composite

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12040988 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 988

Author(s):

Xiaolong Tian ◽

Shuang Han ◽

Qianxiao Zhuang ◽

Huiguang Bian ◽

Shaoming Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Fiber ◽

High Performance ◽

Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

National Defense ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Rubber Composite ◽

Thermal And Electrical Properties ◽

Surface Modified ◽

Poor Adhesion

Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface of carbon fiber is smooth, reactive inert and has a poor adhesion with rubber. In this paper, a high-performance rubber composite is prepared by mixing dopamine-modified staple carbon fiber with natural latex, and the mechanisms of modified carbon fiber-reinforced natural latex composite are explored. The experimental results show that the surface-modified staple carbon fiber forms uniform and widely covered polydopamine coatings, which significantly improve the interface adhesion between the carbon fiber and the rubber matrix. Meanwhile, when the concentration of dopamine is 1.5 g/L and the staple carbon fiber is modified for 6h, the carbon fiber rubber composite shows excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dynamic mechanical properties, and its tensile strength is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified sample.

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The Influence of Fiber Length and Concentration on the Physical Properties of Wheat Husk Fibers Rubber Composites

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2010/528173 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maged S. Sobhy ◽

M. T. Tammam

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Molecular Motion ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Roll Mill ◽

The Matrix ◽

Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer ◽

Tga Analysis ◽

Wheat Husk

Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM)/wheat husk fibers (WHFs) composites were prepared using a laboratory size two-roll mill. Cure characteristics and some physical properties such as swelling, mechanical, and thermal properties of the vulcanizates were studied. The adhesion status between the WHF and rubber matrix is lacked in general, but it started to reinforce the matrix at higher WHF contents where a higher restriction to molecular motion of the macromolecules with uniformed stress distribution of the fibers is produced. From the TGA analysis, a thermally stable property is exhibited, which in turn partially enhanced the reinforcement of the WHF-EPDM composites due to the natural adhesion during vulcanization.

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Understanding the Coupling Effect between Lignin and Polybutadiene Elastomer

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5060154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 154

Author(s):

Sakrit Hait ◽

Debapriya De ◽

Prasenjit Ghosh ◽

Jagannath Chanda ◽

Rabindra Mukhopadhyay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coupling Agent ◽

High Performance ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Coupling Effect ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Polybutadiene Rubber

From an environmental and economic viewpoint, it is a win–win strategy to use materials obtained from renewable resources for the production of high-performance elastomer composites. Lignin, being a renewable biomass, was employed as a functional filler material to obtain an elastomer composite with a higher degree of mechanical performance. In the presence of a suitable coupling agent, an elevated temperature was preferred for the reactive mixing of lignin with polybutadiene rubber (BR). It is quite fascinating that the mechanical performance of this composite was comparable with carbon black-filled composites. The extraordinary reinforcing behavior of lignin in the BR matrix was understood by an available model of rubber reinforcement. In rubber composite preparation, the interfacial interaction between polybutadiene rubber and lignin in the presence of a coupling agent enabled the efficient dispersion of lignin into the rubber matrix, which is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the rubber composites. The rubber composites thus obtained may lead to the development of a sustainable and cost-effective end product with reliable performance. This novel approach could be implemented in other type of elastomeric materials, enabling a genuine pathway toward a sustainable globe.

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