A critical review on the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers in filled rubber composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Subhas Chandra Debnath ◽  
Pranut Potiyaraj
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
New Era ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Filler Dispersion

Presently, the development of high-performance filled rubber composites offers a new era in the industrial field of polymer research. This article reviews the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers on the successive property enhancement of rubber composites containing different commonly used fillers like silica, nanoclay, carbon nanotube, natural fibers, and so on. The practical importance of reinforcement modifiers in rubber technology is systematically described in the light of filler dispersion, processing, and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. A special emphasis is given on the mechanism of interaction between reinforcement modifiers and filler surface in filled rubber composites. Filler dispersion in the rubber matrix is the key parameter that controls the ultimate performance and rubber–filler interaction of filled rubber system. The use of some fixed reinforcement modifiers is an innovative way not only to solve the dispersion problem of filler particles but also to increase the reinforcing ability of most of the fillers in filled rubber products. Thus, the concept of reinforcement modifiers has the potential to facilitate further development of filler reinforcement technology for rubber-based composite materials.

scholarly journals EMERGING ADVANCES IN RUBBER TECHNOLOGY BY THE SUITABLE APPLICATION OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Subhas Chandra Debnath ◽  
Debdipta Basu ◽  
Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte ◽  
Pranut Potiyaraj
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Polymer Research ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites ◽  
Synthesized Materials

ABSTRACT In recent years, the application of sol-gel science to industrial polymer research has offered advancements in rubber technology. The use of sol-gel–synthesized materials for the development of highly reinforced rubber composites is the most commonly adopted and popular method exercised by rubber scientists. This article comprehensively reviews the recent progress regarding preparation and properties of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles-based rubber composites. The pragmatic consequences of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles in rubber compounds are systematically described through rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties. Emphatic focus is given to understanding the reinforcement mechanism of rubber composites by the use of sol-gel–derived alkoxide silica as filler. The properties of rubber nanocomposites are usually dependent on the dispersion of sol-gel–synthesized nanoparticles into the rubber matrix. The results reviewed from prolific studies suggested that sol-gel science has tremendous potential to develop high performance rubber nanocomposites for future industrial application.

scholarly journals Rivet-Inspired Modification of Aramid Fiber by Decorating with Silica Particles to Enhance the Interfacial Interaction and Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2665
Author(s):  
Yihang Li ◽  
Yuzhu Xiong ◽  
Qingpo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Interfacial Interaction ◽  
Aramid Fiber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Surface Modified

A rivet–inspired method of decorating aramid fiber (AF) with silica particles (SiO2) is proposed to produce SiO2@AF hybrid materials that have largely enhanced interfacial interaction with the rubber matrix. AF was firstly surface-modified with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to obtain PAA–AF, and SiO2 was silanized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to obtain APES–SiO2. Then, SiO2@AF was prepared by chemically bonding APES–SiO2 onto the surface of PAA–AF in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). With the incorporation of SiO2@AF into the rubber matrix, SiO2@AF hybrid materials with high surface roughness can play a role as ‘rivets’ to immobilize large numbers of rubber chains on the surface. The tear strength and tensile strength of rubber composite that filling 4 phr SiO2@AF are dramatically increased by 97.8% and 89.3% compared to pure rubber, respectively. Furthermore, SiO2@AF has superiority in enhancing the cutting resistance of rubber composites, in contrast with unmodified AF and SiO2. SiO2@AF is suitable to be applied as a novel reinforcing filler in rubber composites for high performance.

Effects of Cure Systems of Ground Rubber and Rubber Matrix on their Adhesion and Crosslink Structures

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Kim ◽  
H. Y. Park ◽  
K. H. Seo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Layered Model ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Ground Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract There has been a great deal of research on the effects of ground rubber (GR) on the cure characteristics of GR-filled rubber compounds. It has been known that the cure systems of the rubber matrix and GR also had an effect on the cure characteristics and physical properties of GR-filled compounds. In this study, the variation of the crosslink density and crosslink types of recured vulcanizates and fresh vulcanizates, with respect to the cure systems, were investigated by using a three-layered model. In addition, the adhesion forces between recured vulcanizates and fresh vulcanizates were measured, and the fracture surfaces were examined. Depending on the cure systems, the changes in the crosslink density and crosslink types of recured and fresh vulcanizates varied significantly and the failure modes of adhesion specimens were also different.

scholarly journals Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Pilar Bernal-Ortega ◽  
M. Mar Bernal ◽  
Anke Blume ◽  
Antonio González-Jiménez ◽  
Pilar Posadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Van Der Waals Interactions ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rubber Compounds

The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler–rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber–CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.

Study on silica-based rubber composites with epoxidized natural rubber and solution styrene butadiene rubber

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112097139
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Polar Functional Groups ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black has been replaced with silica as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds. This change has led to lower rolling resistance and improved hysteretic losses of so-called “green tires.” However, the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is an important issue due to the poor compatibility of hydrophilic silica with a hydrophobic rubber matrix. Recently, some rubbers with polar functional groups that can interact with silica have been studied to improve the interaction in silica-filled rubber composites. In this work, we fabricated the silica-filled rubber composites with solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and evaluated their properties in a silica-containing rubber formulation compared to conventional SBR and NR. The silica-embedded polar rubber matrix exhibits remarkable enhancement in the modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion properties due to an efficient dispersion of the silica and improvement of interfacial interactions with the rubber matrix. The polar rubber composite exhibits an enhanced dry and wet braking and improved rolling resistance due to the improved dispersion of the silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with polar rubbers have great potential for tire engineering applications.

Influence of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide amount on the properties of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber-based composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Omar A. Al-Hartomy ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Said A. Farha Al Said ◽  
Nikolay Dishovsky ◽  
Mihail Mihaylov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Epoxy Groups

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to investigate the influence of the amount of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide on the curing characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber composites based on epoxidized natural rubber (Epoxyprene 50) filled with 70 phr silica. The obtained results showed that although the interaction between the epoxy groups of epoxidized natural rubber and the silanol groups of silica through hydrogen bonds improves the dispersion of filler in the rubber matrix, the presence of silane coupling agents is necessary to obtain rubber compounds and vulcanizates with good vulcanization characteristics and mechanical and dynamic properties.

scholarly journals Surface Modification of Staple Carbon Fiber by Dopamine to Reinforce Natural Latex Composite

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Tian ◽  
Shuang Han ◽  
Qianxiao Zhuang ◽  
Huiguang Bian ◽  
Shaoming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Thermal And Electrical Properties ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Poor Adhesion

Carbon fiber significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of rubber composites, which are widely used in aerospace, military, national defense and other cutting-edge fields. The preparation of a high-performance carbon fiber rubber composite has been a research hotspot, because the surface of carbon fiber is smooth, reactive inert and has a poor adhesion with rubber. In this paper, a high-performance rubber composite is prepared by mixing dopamine-modified staple carbon fiber with natural latex, and the mechanisms of modified carbon fiber-reinforced natural latex composite are explored. The experimental results show that the surface-modified staple carbon fiber forms uniform and widely covered polydopamine coatings, which significantly improve the interface adhesion between the carbon fiber and the rubber matrix. Meanwhile, when the concentration of dopamine is 1.5 g/L and the staple carbon fiber is modified for 6h, the carbon fiber rubber composite shows excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, and dynamic mechanical properties, and its tensile strength is 10.6% higher than that of the unmodified sample.

scholarly journals THE ORIGIN OF MARCHING MODULUS OF SILICA-FILLED TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jin ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
A. Blume
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Distinct Maximum

ABSTRACT Silica-reinforced S-SBR/BR tire tread compounds often show characteristic vulcanization profiles that do not exhibit a distinct maximum in the cure curve nor a plateau profile within acceptable time scales (marching modulus). In such a situation, it is difficult to determine the optimum curing time, and as a consequence, the physical properties of the rubber compounds may vary. Previous studies stated that the curing behavior of silica-filled rubber compounds is related to the degree of filler dispersion, the silanization, and the filler–polymer coupling reaction, as well as to the donation of free sulfur from the silane coupling agent. Such results imply that these are the key factors for minimization of the marching modulus. Various silane coupling agents with different sulfur ranks and functionalities were mixed at varied silanization temperatures. The correlation between these factors and their effect on the marching modulus intensity (MMI) were investigated. The MMI was monitored by measuring the vulcanization rheograms using a rubber process analyzer at small (approximately 7%) and large (approximately 42%) strains to discriminate the effects of filler–filler and filler–polymer interactions on the marching modulus of the silica-filled rubber compounds. Both factors have an intricate influence on the marching modulus, determined by the degree of filler–filler interaction and the coupling agent.

scholarly journals Understanding the Coupling Effect between Lignin and Polybutadiene Elastomer

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Sakrit Hait ◽  
Debapriya De ◽  
Prasenjit Ghosh ◽  
Jagannath Chanda ◽  
Rabindra Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Agent ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber

From an environmental and economic viewpoint, it is a win–win strategy to use materials obtained from renewable resources for the production of high-performance elastomer composites. Lignin, being a renewable biomass, was employed as a functional filler material to obtain an elastomer composite with a higher degree of mechanical performance. In the presence of a suitable coupling agent, an elevated temperature was preferred for the reactive mixing of lignin with polybutadiene rubber (BR). It is quite fascinating that the mechanical performance of this composite was comparable with carbon black-filled composites. The extraordinary reinforcing behavior of lignin in the BR matrix was understood by an available model of rubber reinforcement. In rubber composite preparation, the interfacial interaction between polybutadiene rubber and lignin in the presence of a coupling agent enabled the efficient dispersion of lignin into the rubber matrix, which is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the rubber composites. The rubber composites thus obtained may lead to the development of a sustainable and cost-effective end product with reliable performance. This novel approach could be implemented in other type of elastomeric materials, enabling a genuine pathway toward a sustainable globe.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document