scholarly journals Assessment of the Usage of Contraceptive among College of Health Sciences Students of Niger Delta University, Amassoma Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Oniso J.I. ◽  
Tawari E.P.
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Health Sciences Students ◽  
First Time

Background: Contraceptives are the of use artificial devices to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease such as HIV/STIs. Despite the existence of numerous family planning programmes in recent years, the prevalence rate of contraceptive use remains low in several developing countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the use Contraceptive among students in the College of Health of Health Science, Niger Delta University, Amassoma. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among two hundred (200) students of the College of Health of Health Science, Niger Delta University aged 16-30 years. Data collection was carried out using both self-administered questionnaire Results: Data showed that majority of the students in College of Health Science, Niger Delta University are about (84%) sexually experience with most of the first sexual experiences occurring within the 16-20 years’ age group. 47 % identified that they discuss contraceptives the first time they had sex while 22.0 % of the respondents revealed that they did not discuss any contraceptives with their partner the first they had sex. 30.5% sexually active females stated that they have been pregnant and 34.1% sexually active males had impregnated a girl, (50%) ended up in abortion while (6.8%) respondents are currently pregnant. Conclusion: A sizable number of respondents revealed that they did not use any contraceptives the first time they had sex. Therefore, there is a need to improve the awareness and encourage the use of conceptive among youths.

scholarly journals Knowledge of the Use of Contraceptive among College of Health Sciences Students of Niger Delta University, Amassoma Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Oniso, Juliet Imawaigha ◽  
Tawari Erebi Patricia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Unwanted pregnancy which results in unsafe abortion and sexually transmitted disease such as HIV/AIDS can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods. Information on knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptives among students is particularly important because of unwanted pregnancies as well as an everyday increase in number of STI and HIV/AIDS. Tactlessly, in Nigeria significant proportion of students who engages in premarital sex, either lack basic knowledge of contraception, or are ignorant of practices of contraceptive. This study aimed at studying sexuality, knowledge of contraceptive in among students in the College of Health of Health Science, Niger Delta University, Amassoma. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among two hundred (200) students of the College of Health of Health Science, Niger Delta University aged 16-30 years. Data collection was carried out using both self-administered questionnaire Results: The analysis of the data showed that majority of the students of the students in College of Health Science, Niger Delta University are about (84%) sexually experience with most of the first sexual experiences occurring within the 16-20 years’ age group. There is a high level of knowledge (83%) of contraceptive available and where to get them but the level of contraceptive use is relatively lower (61.5%) even for the sexually active notwithstanding their level of education. This could be attributed to the factors affecting contraceptive use identified by them which includes embarrassment to buy, lack of proper knowledge, fear of side effect, lack of money and disapproval by partners. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents have a good knowledge on contraceptive. There is need to renew sex education campaigns in our primary, secondary and tertiary institutions as well as educating parents on the need to teach their wards about sex. Keywords: Knowledge, Contraceptive, Student, Bayelsa State.

scholarly journals The role of sexual compulsivity in unprotected intercourse among STI patients in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Ni ◽  
Hengan Liu ◽  
Ruijie Gong ◽  
Mei Shi ◽  
Shuxian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Sexual Compulsivity ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Unprotected Intercourse ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Sexual compulsivity (SC) and its relationship with unprotected intercourse (UI) have long been an intriguing topic, but its existential meaning in the management of public health or, more precisely, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has rarely been studied to date. This study examines whether SC plays a role in UI among sexually active STI patients. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in two sexual transmitted disease (STD) clinicals of Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital in Shanghai. Totally 664 sexually active STI patients were included. Results The ages of the 664 participants ranged from 18 to 76 years, with 58.73% between 26 and 40 years old. 449 (191 male and 258 female) reported had UI during the past 6 months. Although the only statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) was in relation to UI with a casual sexual partner, the difference between male/female and regular/casual sexual partners remained evident. Conclusions SC is evidently a potential predictor of UI with a casual sexual partner in male STI patients, while the use of condoms is more likely to be affected by other factors. In addition to general sexual education, counseling interventions should be provided by health institutions, and specific intervention methods targeting gender and sexual partners should be considered.

scholarly journals Magnitude of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and its correlation with academic performance among female medical and health science students at University of Gondar, Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e034166
Author(s):  
Woredaw Minichil ◽  
Eleni Eskindir ◽  
Demeke Demilew ◽  
Yohannes Mirkena
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Menstrual Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Sciences Students

ObjectiveTo assess the magnitude of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and associated factors among female students of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, 2019.DesignInstitution-based cross-sectional study design.SettingCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.Participants386 participants were recruited for self-administered interview using the stratified followed by simple random sampling technique.MeasurementData were collected by self-administered interview. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) was used to measure PMDD. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Oslo-3 social support are used to assess the factors. The data were checked, cleaned and entered into EpiData V.3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) V.21.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regressions were used. OR with 95% CI was employed to see the strength of associations between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p value <0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were declared as significantly associated.Result386 participants were involved in the study, with a response rate of 84.6%. The overall magnitude of PMDD in this study was 34.7% (30.3 to 39.1). Severe menstrual pain (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.82, 95% CI: 1.83 to 4.23), perception of an impact on academic performance due to menstrual pain (AOR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.23 to 4.32), and high perceived stress (AOR=3.52, 95% CI: 2.58 to 5.60) were significantly associated with PMDD disorder among female medical and health sciences students.ConclusionPMDD is high among female medical and health sciences students. Thus, it needs early screening and intervention especially for those who have severe menstrual pain, perceived to have an impact on academic performance and high perceived stress.

scholarly journals Caracterización de los pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedades de transmisión sexual atendidos en una institución pública de 1° nivel de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), 2009-11./Characterization of patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
Claudia Marcela Castaño Castrillón ◽  
José Jaime Castaño Castrillón ◽  
Natalia Dávila Alzate ◽  
Sandra Paola González Londoño ◽  
Luisa fernanda González morcillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Uso Del Preservativo ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Objetivo:Caracterizar pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedades de transmisión sexual atendidos en ASSBASALUD ESE en Manizales (Colombia) entre los años 2009 a 2011.Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio de corte transversal, que recolectó información de la base de datos de centros de atención de ASSBASALUD ESE, se analizaron 933 historias clínicas, de las cuales 503 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Dentro de las variables estudiadas se encuentran el género, edad de inicio de las relaciones sexuales, uso del preservativo, estado civil y diagnóstico de ETS.Resultados: El año con más frecuencia de ETS fue el 2010 con 55%, mayor proporción en género femenino 87,5%, edad promedio de 28,64 años. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue el de síntomas inespecíficos en un 34,8%. La patología más frecuente en mujeres fue la candidiasis vulvovaginal con 60,3%, en hombres el herpes genital con 33,3%. Personas con unión no estable fueron quienes presentaron mayorproporción de ETS.Conclusiones: Las ETS se diagnostican con mayor frecuencia en las mujeres, porque son ellas quienes acuden más a los servicios de salud. Aunque el número de pacientes atendidos por ETS disminuyó año tras año, es notorio que se requiere de más y mejores métodos de diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados para dicha población.Objective: To characterize patients diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseasestreated at ASSBASALUD ESE in Manizales (Colombia) from 2009 to 2011.Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study, which collected information from thedatabase of health centers from ASSBASALUD ESE, 933 medical records were analyzed,of which 503 met the inclusion criteria. The variables studied include gender,age at first intercourse, condom use, marital status and diagnosis of STDs.Results: The year with greatest prevalence of STD was 2010 by 55%, the female genderwas predominant by 87.5%, average age was found of 28.64 years. The mostfrequent reason for consultation was to non-specific symptoms by 34.8%. Candidiasiswas the most prevalent STD among women by 60,3%, followed by genital herpesamong men by 33.3%. Patients with an unstable union had higher proportion of sexuallytransmitted diseases.Conclusions: Sexually transmitted diseases are diagnosed more frequently in women,because that population consults more frequently the health services of ASSBASALUDESE. Although the prevalence of STD has decreased year after year, it is clear thatmore and better methods of diagnosis and treatment are needed for this population

scholarly journals Factors associated with low knowledge about sexually transmitted infections in subnormal agglomerate, in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda Roberta Oliveira Naiff Ferreira ◽  
Ingrid Saraiva de Oliveira ◽  
Wanne Letícia Santos Freitas ◽  
Ana Luisa Brandão de Carvalho Lira ◽  
Renata Karina Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Programmatic Factors

Abstract Background: Populations living in subnormal agglomerates in urban areas are more vulnerable to infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In these groups, inadequate knowledge about sexually transmitted infections can further increase the risk of contracting STIs. Aim: We investigated the factors associated with low knowledge about STIs in a peripheral population in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Belém, in the Amazon region that has a high percentage of subnormal agglomerates in an urban area and a high incidence of STIs. Random sampling was adopted which resulted in a sample of 320 participants. To assess knowledge about STIs, the self-administered Sexually Transmitted Disease Knowledge Questionnaire was used. To assess aspects of vulnerability, a questionnaire was constructed which is linked to individual, social, and programmatic factors. The chi-square test, G test, and ordinal regression analyses were all performed. Findings: The sample of this study was composed of 320 participants. The mean age of the participants was 46.09 years. 37.5% (120), 50.6% (162), and 11.9% (38) showed low, medium, and high knowledge, respectively. Multiple analysis revealed that the factors associated with higher chance of having smaller knowledge about sexually transmitted infections were single/separated/divorced/widow(er) marital status (AOR: 1.80, CI: 1.15-2.84, P = 0.01); income equal to or less than one minimum wage (1.98, CI: 1.21-3.17, P = 0.00); equal to or over than 52 years old (AOR: 1.99, CI: 1.25-3.17, P = 0.00); lack of guidance by a health professional (AOR: 1.59, CI: 1.01-2.51, P = 0.04). Our results show that this community suffer from suboptimal levels of knowledge on STIs, which are linked to individual, social, and programmatic factors. Characterising the risk and vulnerabilities factors allows for carrying out appropriate interventions for populations living in subnormal agglomerates in urban area.

scholarly journals Family Factors and Risk Sexual Behaviour in Students Aged 12-18

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Joana I. Simeonova ◽  
Nevena V. Tzvetanova ◽  
Yanka I. Tzvetanova
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Risk Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Risk Sexual Behavior

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify family factors determining risk sexual behavior among students aged 12- 18 in Veliko Turnovo region. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014. Three hundred and ten students were included in a representative sample of students attending seven schools in Veliko Turnovo region. The respondents filled in a self-administered questionnaire, designed to collect data on family interactions, acts of sexual coercion, parental social status and their influence on the sexual behavior of the students. Data were processed using SPSS.v.19. Parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were applied. About one-fifth of the students were nurtured in incomplete families. History of a sexually transmitted diseases correlated with type of family (p<0.05). Poorer family interactions (rare family dinners and no conversations about sex) determined acts of risk sexual behavior - accidental contraceptive use during sex and postponing an obstetric examination (p<0.05). Students reporting sexual coercion had also had frequent casual sexual intercourse (p<0.05). Identifying family factors is of essential importance in planning effective sexual health education at school.

scholarly journals Contraceptive Use among sexually active reproductive age HIV Positive Women Attending ART Clinic at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
tilksew ayalew ◽  
Tilahun Tewabe ◽  
Abdulhakim Abdanur ◽  
Demoze Jenbere ◽  
Mastewal Ayehu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital ◽  
Human Immune

Abstract Background: Contraception helps prevent unintended pregnancies and mother to child Human Immune Virus (HIV) transmission among human immune virus positive women. Ethiopia has made remarkable progress in increasing contraceptive use rate but there is still a disparity of contraceptive use in the country. Understanding the extent of and barriers of contraceptive use among HIV positive women in Ethiopia is important for learning how to best improve level of contraceptive use among this group of population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine contraceptives use and associated factors among HIV positive sexually active women at anti-retroviral therapy clinic at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital ART clinic in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 01-30, 2018 among (n=308) randomly selected HIV positive women at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version20. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify determinants of contraceptive use. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05.Results: Out of three hundred eight participants, 118(38.3%) reported contraceptive use at the time of the study. Injectable is the most preferred (43.5%) contraceptive method. Participants with age 15-34 years (AOR =3.09, 95%CI: 1.59-5.99), disclosed their status to sex partner, (AOR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.14-6.66), had history of contraception use; (AOR=3.36, 95%CI: 1.68-6.74), were sexually active in the last six months (AOR=5.45, 95%CI: 2.72-10.91) had higher odds of contraceptive use. However, participants who had drinking habit (AOR=4.35, 95%CI: 1.82-10.38) had lower odds of contraceptive use.Conclusion: A significant proportion of HIV positive women had low level of contraceptive use that was lower than the national recommended level. These results suggest that multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary approaches are needed to increase contraceptive use in the HIV positive women. Emphasis should be given for HIV positive women who have drinking habit and older age women.

scholarly journals Patient Perception of Mobile Phone Apps for the Care and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Jakob ◽  
Theresa Steeb ◽  
Zeno Fiocco ◽  
Teodora Pumnea ◽  
Sophia Nomi Jakob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Health Related

BACKGROUND In the emerging era of digitalization and electronic health, various health-related apps have been launched, including apps for sexually transmitted diseases. Until now, little has been known about how patients perceive the value of such apps. OBJECTIVE To investigate patient’s attitudes and awareness toward sexually transmitted disease–related apps in an outpatient sexually transmitted disease clinic setting. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at a dermatovenereological outpatient unit between April and July 2019. Patients completed a self-administered questionnaire on their perceptions of the popularity and usefulness of sexually transmitted disease–related apps. Descriptive analysis was performed with expression of categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, the median, range, and interquartile range were indicated. Contingency tables and chi-square tests were used to investigate associations between sociodemographic data and items of the questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 226 patients were surveyed (heterosexual: 137/193, 71.0%; homosexual: 44/193, 22.8%; bisexual: 12/193, 6.2%); 11.9% (27/225) had previously used health-related apps. Nearly half of the patients (97/214, 45.3%) specifically considered sexually transmitted disease–related apps useful, 47.8% (100/209) voted that they could supplement or support the consultation of a physician. Interestingly, only 35.1% (74/211) preferred a printed patient brochure on sexually transmitted diseases over downloading and using an app, but 64.0% (134/209) would download a sexually transmitted disease–related app recommended by their physician. General information regarding sexually transmitted diseases (93/167, 55.7%), evaluation of skin diseases based on photos or videos (78/167, 53.3%), information on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (76/167, 45.5%), mediation of nearby contact points or test sites (74/167, 44.3%), anonymous medical advice (69/167, 41.3%), and calculation of the risk of having a sexually transmitted disease (63/167, 37.3%) were rated as the most important features. Men were more likely than women to find sexually transmitted disease–related apps useful in general (<i>P</i>=.04; χ<sup>2</sup>=6.28) and to pay for such apps (<i>P</i>=.01; χ<sup>2</sup>=9.19). Patients aged &lt;40 years would rather download an app recommended by their physician (<i>P</i>=.03; χ<sup>2</sup>=7.23), whereas patients aged &gt;40 years preferred reading a patient brochure on sexually transmitted diseases (<i>P</i>=.02; χ<sup>2</sup>=8.14). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated high general interest in the use of sexually transmitted disease–related apps in this sample of dermatovenereological outpatients. In particular, young age and male sex were significantly associated with a positive perception, underlining the high potential of apps in the prevention and early recognition of sexually transmitted diseases in this group. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings in other populations.

scholarly journals Prevalence high risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women from Belém, Pará, Amazon region of Brazil: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Monteiro ◽  
Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca ◽  
Tuane Ferreira ◽  
Luana Rodrigues ◽  
Andreza Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Risk Hpv

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of HPV infection in HIV-infected women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the genotype diversity of HPV infection in HIV-infected women.Methods: From April 2010 to December 2012 cervical specimens were collected from 169 HIV-infected women who screening for cervical cancer at Reference Unit in Belém. The detection of HPV infection was performed by nested PCR and HPV type was performed using the commercial kit.Results: The prevalence of HPV infection was 63,3%. Of the 47 genotyped samples, 40,4% was found positive for high risk-HPV 16 and 12.8% for high risk-HPV 52. HPV infection was predominant in the group of women with no incidence of cytological abnormalities and more prevalent in women of reproductive age, unmarried, low education level and who used condoms during sexual intercourse. It was observed an association between HPV infection and independent variables, such as condom use, multiple sexual partners and history of sexually transmitted diseases.Conclusions: High-risk types of HPV infection were prevalent in our study. Infection with multiple high-risk HPV genotypes may potentiate the development of cervical cancer in HIV-infected women.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Modern Contraceptives Methods and Its Uptake Among Female Students of a Tertiary Educational Institution in South- South Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. Agbo ◽  
A. O. Eguvbe ◽  
P. W. Alabra ◽  
D. O. Alagoa
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Level

Background: The use of modern forms of contraception can significantly improve women reproductive health. The rate of sexually transmitted disease, unwanted pregnancies and maternal morbidity and mortality can be significantly reduced following the use of modern forms of contraception. However, there is paucity of studies on the place of modern forms of contraception in improving women reproductive health in Yenagoa. Objective: This study aimed to access the knowledge of modern forms of contraceptive methods and its uptake among female students of Federal University Otueke, Bayelsa State. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted among the female students of Federal University Otueke Bayelsa State. To elicit information about their knowledge of modern forms of contraceptives methods and its uptake. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain required information for the study from a total of 424 students. Results: A total of 424 female undergraduates students of the Federal University Otueke were enrolled for the study. The mean age group of the participants was 20.9±3.2 years. The study showed that most of responds have good knowledge of contraceptives (97.4 %). The awareness of family planning was 96.7%. The study showed that age was found to influence the awareness of contraceptives. (x2=11.8;df=3;p<0.05). Most of the respondents had used oral contraceptive pills 146 (34.4%); followed by those that had used Condom 138 (32.5%). Conclusion: Our study showed that the respondents demonstrated a high level of knowledge and awareness of family planning. However, it is worrisome to note that the uptake of modern forms of contraceptives was low. The importance of improving the uptake of these forms of contraceptives cannot be over-emphasized, especially in our societies where the protection of the reproductive health of young women is paramount.

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