scholarly journals The EU Falsified Medicines Directive: Key Implications for Dispensers

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. maapoc.0000024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard D. Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
European Directive ◽  
2D Barcode ◽  
Market Authorization ◽  
Falsified Medicines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The EU Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) mandates the serialisation of prescription-only medicines using a two-dimensional (2D) barcode by pharmaceutical companies and the systematic verification of this 2D barcode in pharmacies. This European directive has ramifications for many stakeholders, including market authorization holders, wholesalers, parallel importers, and dispensers. Focusing primarily on the impact on UK dispensers, the following questions are addressed in this article: Where should the affected medicines be scanned? and who will pay for the incoming changes to practice? The role of the EU FMD in terms of drug recalls, the preparation required for EU FMD compliance, and the potential for added healthcare value are also discussed. Dispensers must prepare for the February 2019 EU FMD deadline date by choosing a point within their dispensing processes to scan medicines. Dispensers must also budget appropriately for the incoming costs associated with new hardware and processes.

Phonon Coupling and Dielectric Response in 2D Semiconductor

NANO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arslan Usman ◽  
Abdul Sattar ◽  
Hamid Latif ◽  
Muhammad Imran
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electron Hole ◽  
Exciton Coupling ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Layered Transition Metal ◽  
The Impact

The impact of phonon and their surrounding environment on exciton and its complexes were investigated in monolayer WSe2 semiconductor. Phonon up-conversion has been studied in past for conventional III–V semiconductors, but its role in two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides has rarely been explored. We investigated the photoluminescence up-conversion mechanism in WSe2 monolayer and found that a lower energy photon gain energy upto 64[Formula: see text]meV to be up-converted to emission photon at room temperature. Moreover, the phonon-exciton coupling mechanism has also been investigated and the role of dielectric screening has been explored to get complete insight of coulomb’s interaction in these electron-hole pairs. Investigations of charge carrier’s lifetime reveal that boron nitride encapsulated monolayer has shorter recombination time as low as 41 ps as compared to a bare monolayer on SiO2 substrate. These results are very promising for realizing spintronics-based application from two-dimensional layered semiconductors.

scholarly journals Impact of a simultaneous reduction in fishing subsidies and introduction of efficient management of rents: the case of the Northwest Spanish fleet

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Merayo ◽  
Staffan Waldo ◽  
Max Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Effort Level ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Fishing Sector ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Subsidies to the fishing sector have long been criticized for fueling over-fishing, and a reduction in subsidies is currently on the agenda in the negotiations within the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article analyzes the role of subsidies and other management measures for Spain, one of the largest fishing nations within the EU. A static bio-economic model is used to analyze the effect of simultaneous elimination of subsidies and introduction of an economically efficient management system for the Northwest Spanish fleet. It is concluded that improvements in management would bring substantial rents to the industry, up to €164 million, irrespective of subsidy level, but also a reduction in fishing effort of almost 60%. Under a management scheme that maximizes economic rents, elimination of subsidies in the fishery would increase social welfare, induced by a decrease in the equilibrium fishing effort level. However, the impact of subsidies under this scheme is limited.

scholarly journals The Increasing Power of the European Parliament: Negotiating the eu-India Free Trade Agreement

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Frennhoff Larsén
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
International Level ◽  
Game Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractSince the Lisbon Treaty increased the legal role of the European Parliament (ep) ineutrade policy, there has been a debate about the extent to which these legal competencies have translated into actual influence over the content and outcome ofeutrade negotiations. Using the trade negotiations between theeuand India as a case study, this article argues that the impact of theephas indeed been significant. Through two-level game analysis, which extends its domestic focus to include theepas a domestic constituent, it demonstrates how theephas affected theeuwin-set in ways that have both hindered and facilitated agreement at the international level between theeuand India. It also shows how theephas affected the negotiating dynamics and how theeunegotiators have had their preferences somewhat compromised by theepin their attempt at reaching an agreement with India.

INSTANTANEOUS INFORMATION ALWAYS STABILIZES?

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
YANG ZHANG ◽  
WEIHONG HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Local Stability ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Stability Loss ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Bertrand Competition ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Additional Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cournot And Bertrand Competition

The impact of information improvement on local stability is examined for continuous dynamics. It is conventionally believed that removal of uncertainty always brings additional stability to an existing equilibrium. This paper shows that the relation between information and equilibrium stability may not be monotonic. Removal of information lag may sometimes destabilize the otherwise stable continuous model. Economic applications to Cournot and Bertrand competition are examined where the role of improved information on stability is shown to be cost-structure specific. Elimination of lags may cause stability loss. The conclusion drawn on two-dimensional continuous dynamics is briefly generalized to multidimensional system.

scholarly journals Rola dużych gospodarstw rolnych we wzroście produktywności pracy rolnictwa polskiego na tle sytuacji w innych wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Józwiak ◽  
Zofia Mirkowska ◽  
Wojciech Ziętara
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Group 1

The study focuses on the analysis of labor productivity in Polish agriculture in 2005 and 2016 in comparison to selected EU-15 countries (group 1) and some countries that joined the EU after 2004. In group 1, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany are included, while in group 2 - the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Hungary. The analysis particularly considers the role of large farms, the size of which was contractually agreed at 30 ha of UAA. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of large farms on the level of labor productivity in total farms and to determine the possibility of reducing the differences between labor productivity in Polish large farms in relation to analogous farms in EU-15 countries, and determining whether changes occurring in Poland differ from those occurring in large farms in other post-socialist countries. In both groups of countries there was a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in labor productivity in agriculture in general and in surveyed classes in large farms. In the countries of group 2. the rate of labor productivity growth was higher than in group 1. However, it slightly reduced the differences. Labor productivity in agriculture in the countries of Group 1 was significantly higher than in Group 2. The increase in the number and share of large farms in the structure of farms was positively correlated with labor productivity in agriculture.

scholarly journals A deep insight into the ion foreshock with the help of test particle two-dimensional simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1235
Author(s):  
Philippe Savoini ◽  
Bertrand Lembège
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Shock Front ◽  
Test Particle ◽  
Field Component ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Mirror Reflection ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Shock Profiles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two-dimensional (2D) test particle simulations based on shock profiles issued from 2D full particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are used in order to analyze the formation processes of ions back streaming within the upstream region after interacting with a quasi-perpendicular curved shock front. Two different types of simulations have been performed based on (i) a fully consistent expansion (FCE) model, which includes all self-consistent shock profiles at different times, and (ii) a homothetic expansion (HE) model in which shock profiles are fixed at certain times and artificially expanded in space. The comparison of both configurations allows one to analyze the impact of the front nonstationarity on the back-streaming population. Moreover, the role of the space charge electric field El is analyzed by either including or canceling the El component in the simulations. A detailed comparison of these last two different configurations allows one to show that this El component plays a key role in the ion reflection process within the whole quasi-perpendicular propagation range. Simulations provide evidence that the different field-aligned beam (FAB) and gyro-phase bunched (GPB) populations observed in situ are essentially formed by a Et×B drift in the velocity space involving the convective electric field Et. Simultaneously, the study emphasizes (i) the essential action of the magnetic field component on the GPB population (i.e., mirror reflection) and (ii) the leading role of the convective field Et in the FAB energy gain. In addition, the electrostatic field component El is essential for reflecting ions at high θBn angles and, in particular, at the edge of the ion foreshock around 70∘. Moreover, the HE model shows that the rate BI% of back-streaming ions is strongly dependent on the shock front profile, which varies because of the shock front nonstationarity. In particular, reflected ions appear to escape periodically from the shock front as bursts with an occurrence time period associated to the self-reformation of the shock front.

scholarly journals Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Skorupska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

One objective of this chapter is to characterize the activities between Spanish communities and Chinese provinces and cities – their intensity, scope, advantages and obstacles that they face. The question relates to a broader perspective – the bilateral state government relations and the EU-China cooperation: is there any correlation between the relations at the state level and the regional level? Moreover, one of the ultimate goals of the whole project is to analyse the impact of the EU-China relations on paradiplomacy. Do the autonomous communities see any role of the EU in their activities with Chinese partners? Do they need any support from the European Union to have more intense or effective cooperation with this Asian partner?

scholarly journals The Limited Role of the European Union in the Management and Governance of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-506
Author(s):  
Joelle Grogan
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Building on two global Symposia hosted by the Verfassungsblog and convened by the author, the 2020 “COVID-19 and States of Emergency” and the 2021 “Power and the COVID-19 Pandemic”, in addition to the findings of the Democracy Reporting International ‘Rule of Law Stress Test’ which surveyed EU Member States’ responses to the pandemic, this article investigates the impact of the pandemic on governance and legal systems within the EU, and evaluates the actions taken by EU institutions and national governments in response to the health crisis against the standards of the rule of law.

scholarly journals The Impact of Brand Equity of Global Pharmaceutical Companies on Prescriptions Decisions of Physicians in Jordan: The Moderating Role the Performance of Medical Representatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Eyad Mustafa AL-Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Brand Association ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This study aimed to identify the impact of the brand equity and its dimensions (brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty) of Global Pharmaceutical Companies on Prescriptions decisions of physicians in Jordan.The population of sample were the Jordanian physicians, the study tool was questionnaire, which was distributed to connivance sample (Physicians), the data was collected from (240) participants of study population, the data collected were analysed by using the Smart-PLS software.The study result is finding that statistically significant effect of the brand equity of global pharmaceutical companies on Prescriptions decisions of physicians in Jordan, and this effect was positiveGlobal pharmaceutical companies need to focus more on all study variables (dimensions of brand equity) because they have a role of enhancing the prescription decisions of physicians.

The role of EU-ETS Mechanism as Environmental Investment Promoter in Europe and Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 85-134
Author(s):  
Carlos Díaz Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Environmental Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This research attempts to provide a better understanding about the role of the European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) as private environmental investment promoter. It explores the macroeconomic behavior of private environmental investments before and after the implementation of EU-ETS in 2005 until the end of Phase I of the mechanism. Also, private environmental investments are contrasted with variables like: economic growth, interest rates, and energy prices (gas and electricity) in order to quantify the impact of these on private environmental decisions and evaluate the level of impact (slow, moderate and strong) of all these variables together with the EU-ETS implementation on private environmentalinvestment decisions. For this purpose it is used a statistical approach through multiple linear regressions for the cases of Germany, Spain, France and The Netherlands and a single panel estimation with data information of all the countries mentioned. The results show that the signature of Kyoto Protocol in year 1997 -as a preamble of EU-ETS- provided a perverse incentive on private environmental investments until 2004. During Phase I (2005–2007) of the EU-ETS mechanism, private environmental investments showed an important positive recovery that was not enough to reach pre Kyoto Protocol levels. Finally, it is analyzed the investment in developing countries through CDM projects.

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