scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN BREEDING MATERIAL FOR COMPLEX RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPATHOGENS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
A.S. Korobeynikov ◽  
◽  
L.F. Ashmarina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Field Research ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Soybean occupies an important place among many food and forage crops in West Siberia combining high yields with the wide variety of applications. Being a new crop for West Siberia, soybean needs a comprehensive study of its response to the biotic and abiotic factors pecu-liar to a specific agrocenosis. The most important of all biotic factors are soybean diseases. Under the conditions of West Siberia, the soybean crops are subject to contami-nation by various phytopathogens which reduce the yields and product quality: various root rots, bacterial blight and fungal leaf diseases (peronospora and ascochyta blights) as well as cases of viral blights. Various chemical com-pounds used for a long time for plant protection has many disadvantages such as the ability to accumulation and cir-culation in agroecosystems, high levels of toxicity to warm-blooded mammals, bees, entomophages and fish and, moreover, the emergence of resistant phytopathogens. In this regard, thebreeding the soybean varieties with the complex resistance to the phytopathogens became a long-range objective. The results of the field research carried from 2017 through 2020 showed two promising varieties which could be a base for further research: these were Gorinskaya and SNK 146 varieties showing reliable re-sistance to the downy mildew and a tendency to the re-sistance to a complex of bacterial pathogens. Consequent-ly, these varieties may be used as a base to the other vari-eties or implemented in production.

COMPLEXES OF FUNGI IN SOD-PODZOLYC SOIL UNDER VARIOUS CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES OF FORAGE CROPS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Taiga Forest ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
High Yields

In order to determine the changes in the main indicators characterizing the complexes of soil fungi, under the influence of the technologies of crops cultivation of fodder crop rotation, in 2017, a sod-podzolic medium loamy soil was studied. The experiment included the following factors: crops (annual grasses + perennial grasses - perennial grasses 1 - perennial grasses 2 - perennial grasses 3 - fallow - barley - corn for silage), tillage system of soil (plowing and combined), 5 cultivation technologies (differ in the intensity of fertilizer and plant protection systems), the experiment was repeated three times. The studies allowed to establish the total number of micromycetes (10-28 thousand Kfu/g) and their systemat-ic affiliation (2 genera of the Zigomikot department, 7 genera of the Ascomicot department, two yeasts of the Basidiomycot department), with the largest number of variants of intensive technology. The structure of soil fungi complexes was determined by the cultivated crops and the conditions created by them with the highest frequency of occurrence in the Penicillium and Botrytis genera; in general, their composition and number were typical for the soils of taiga-forest zone. Phytopathogenic genera did not get high dis-tribution (Fusarium), which, along with the activity of saprotrophic genera of fungi, contributed to ob-taining high yields of cultivated crops when applying fertilizer in intensive technologies. The obtained results show the advantage of intensive technology in comparison with the ecological one both in terms of the structural organization of soil fungi and in the yield of t grown crops (the increase was 2-4 times).

scholarly journals The application efficiency of organic fungicides against soybean diseases in the central zone of the Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 02020
Author(s):  
Alexander Bushnev ◽  
Sergey Babenko ◽  
Nadezhda Bushneva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Soybean Diseases

Diseases are one of the main factors limiting the receiving of high yields of soybean. The use of biopreparations for plant protection will result in successful disease control and improve the quality of products. In 2018-2020, at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar), we studied the application effectiveness of biopreparations under the trademarks of BSka-3 with the active ingredients Trichoderma veride, Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus subtilis and BFTIM with the active ingredient Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against soybean diseases. We applied organic fungicides for seed treatment and on vegetative plants at the budding stage. The variants BSka-3 G + BFTIM G (62 %) and BSka-3 Zh + BFTIM Zh (50 %) showed the highest biological effectiveness against purple Cercospora blight, and the variant BSka-3 E + BFTIM E showed 66 % and 52 % of effectiveness against pustular and angular spot diseases. The biological effectiveness of Pyraclostrobin, EC against purple Cercospora blight, pustular and angular spot diseases was the lowest – 21, 12, and 10 %, respectively. We observed the best economic efficiency in case of application of BSka-3 E + BFTIM G – 2.31 t/ha.

GENETIC CERTIFICATION OF FODDER CROPS BREEDING ACHIEVEMENTS

1970 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
V. M. Kosolapov ◽  
N. N. Kozlov ◽  
I. А. Klimenko ◽  
V. N. Zolotarev
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Prospects Of Application

The methods of genetic identification of forage crops varieties and forms have significant scientific and practical importance in breeding and seed multiplication, in protection of author’s rights. At the current moment molecular markers on the base of DNA-polymorphism have been applied widely for these aims. This analytical review examines the possibilities and the prospects of application the different DNA-analysis methods for assessment of forage crops genetic diversity and for development the molecular-genetic passports of breeding achievements. The objective estimation of varieties structure and presence impurities is a necessary condition for improving the methodical approaches in approbation of crops and for decision the problems of timely variety-seed renovation and its systematic replacement. The system of DNA markers that registered in genetic passport will enable to keep the initial genetic structure of variety and to maintain it in production process during long time without fluctuations of agronomic important characteristics and properties. This factor is especially valuable for development the primary seed multiplication.

scholarly journals Design of female white-collar office chair based on ergonomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 02101
Author(s):  
Jiao Hu ◽  
Qing Yin ◽  
Canqun He
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Office Chair

In the daily work of office workers, the comfort of the office chair has a great impact on the staff’s work efficiency and human health. Sitting on the office chair for a long time may cause diseases such as cervical, shoulder, and lumbar spine. This article uses online literature research, brand analysis, and offline field research to understand the current status and deficiencies of office chairs, find design points and design directions, and based on ergonomics and sitting analysis research, design general office chairs for female white-collar workers to achieve a comfortable and healthy office purpose.

scholarly journals Comparative Review of Worship Spaces in Buddhist and Cistercian Monasteries: The Three Temples of Guoqing Si (China) and the Church of the Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet (Spain)

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Weiqiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Worship Space ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Functional Layout ◽  
Institutional Model ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
The Church

Although the two parallel architectural forms, Han Buddhists and the Cistercian monasteries, seem, on the surface, to be very different—belonging to different religions, different cultural backgrounds, and different ways of construction—they share many similarities in the internal institutional model of monks’ lives and the corresponding architectural core values. The worship space plays the most significant role in both monastic life and layout. In this study, the Three Temples of Guoqing Si and the Church of the Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet are used as examples to elucidate the connotations behind the architectural forms, in order to further explore how worship spaces serve as an intermediary between deities, monks, and pilgrims. Based on field research and experience of monastic life, this comparative study highlights two fundamental similarities between the Three Temples and the Church: First, both worship spaces are derived from imperial prototypes, have a similar priority of construction, occupy the most important place in both sacred venues, and both serve as a reference for the development of monastic layout. Second, both worship spaces are composed of a similar programmed functional layout, including similar space dominators as well as itineraries. Beyond the surface similarities, this article further analyzes the reasons behind the three differences found. Due to their different understanding of deities, both worship spaces show different ways of worship, images of deities, and distances towards them.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF WEEDS IN AGROCENOSIS OF NUTU

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Yurii Shcatula ◽  
Volodymyr Votyk
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Harmful Effects

Nowadays no herbicide has been approved for use on chickpea crops has been officially registered in Ukraine. Weed control measures are mainly used. However, many years of experience in the use of a number of herbicides in our country and in other countries. In this regard, the effectiveness and selectivity of soil preparations such as Harnes, 90% k.e., and Frontier Optima, 72% k.e. were studied in chickpea crops. These herbicides were applied after sowing chickpeas until the emergence of seedlings. Application of Harness herbicide, 90% k.e., at a rate of 3.0 l / ha in the soil before the emergence of chickpea seedlings leads to a decrease in weed vegetation a month after application of the herbicide to 88% compared to control areas where measures to protect against storms vegetation was not carried out. The regulation of the number of weeds and their harmful effects in chickpea agrophytocenoses to an economically harmless level is an important condition in the technology of its cultivation. The most relevant weed control is at the beginning of the growing season of the crop, since this the chickpea grows very slowly, is in the rosette phase for a long time, and therefore does not withstand competition from weeds. To increase the yield of chickpea seeds, an important place in the technology of growing crops is the use of herbicides and biological products. Inoculation of chickpea seeds with Rizobofitt at a consumption rate of 1 l / t and with a biofungicidal preparation Biopolycide at a consumption rate of 100 ml/t, by introducing a soil herbicide Frontier Optima, 72% k.e., at a consumption rate of 1,2 l/ha, contribute to the reduction of weeds to 91%, and the ability to obtain the yield of chickpea seeds at the level of 2,12 t/ha.

Dairy farm feeding and income effects of using Voisin grazing management of permanent pastures

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Murphy ◽  
John R. Rice ◽  
David T. Dugdale
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Excellent Quality ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
High Yields

AbstractPermanent pastures produce far below their potential, as they are usually managed in the northcentral and northeastern United States. Dairy farmers in these regions generally feed their cattle year-round from stored forage and purchased concentrates, and use permanent pastures as mere holding or exercise areas, grazing them continuously. This practice involves high operating costs that, combined with lower milk prices, have resulted in greatly reduced profit margins. Farming practices that return more net income are needed. The Voisin system of rotational grazing management, which applies intensive management to forage crops on pastureland, is widely used on dairy and sheep farms in New Zealand. Farmers using the Voisin system there have low operating costs and obtain high yields of excellent quality forage over long grazing periods; increased net income results Between 1 May and 1 October 1984, 497 forage samples were taken and analyzed from permanent pastures grazed according to the Voisin management system on six Vermont dairy farms. This was done to provide farmers with current estimates of forage feeding value so that they could balance their cows' rations accordingly throughout the season, and determine if they could improve the profitability of their farms by using Voisin grazing management. Average grazingseason analyses (dry weight) were: 22.5% dry matter, 22.4% crude protein, 20.8% available protein, 28.4% acid detergent fiber, 1.18% calcium, .48% phosphorus, 1.60% potassium, .22% magnesium, and 1.58 Mcal/kg net energy lactation. Average dry forage yield was 8.9 metric tons/ha. Dry matter intake was adequate for milk production up to 36 kg/cow/day. Forage protein and energy contents were sufficient for at least 25 and 18 kg milk/day, respectively. On three farms where economic factors were calculated, net profits per cow averaged $67 more during the 5-month period from using Voisin grazing management, compared to continuous grazing of the same pastureland in the year before Voisin management was used. This profit resulted mainly from feed savings and a more favorable milk:concentrate ratio of 4.1:1 obtained with Voisin management, compared to 2.7:1 with continuous grazing and more feeding of stored or machine-harvested forage. Voisin-managed pastures can produce high yields of excellent-quality forage that can be incorporated into dairy feeding programs, thereby reducing feed costs and increasing profitability of the farming operations.

Plant health, plant protection and abiotic factors.

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-195
Author(s):  
Lynette Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Control Options

Abstract This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping, resistant crops and other methods); (ii) selected diseases of hydroponic crops, including those caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses; and (iii) physiological disorders caused by non-living or non-infectious factors such as temperature, light, irrigation water quality and salinity, chemical injury (phytotoxicity), and cultural practices.

scholarly journals Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi in agricultural areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dzięgielewska ◽  
Iwona Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biological Methods

In 2016-2018, in north-western Poland, field studies were carried out on the coexistence of various taxonomic groups, such as soil nematodes and fungi, including beneficial species that comprise the environment’s natural resistance to pests in agrocenoses. The research aimed to find a connection between select biotic and abiotic factors in the chosen crops which could have practical applications in plant protection. Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filipiev, 1934 and entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps fumosorosea and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin were found to be present in all studied agrocenoses; however, they showed clear preferences for some types of crops or soil. The research shows that the effectiveness of the biological methods of plant protection depends on the selection of the right biopreparations, which strengthen the local populations of the beneficial organisms present in specific agriculture areas.

scholarly journals Transformation of Iodosulfuron-Methyl into Ionic Liquids Enables Elimination of Additional Surfactants in Commercial Formulations of Sulfonylureas

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4396
Author(s):  
Witold Stachowiak ◽  
Radosław Szumski ◽  
Jan Homa ◽  
Marta Woźniak-Karczewska ◽  
Anna Parus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Absorption Enhancers ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Tetraalkylammonium Cations ◽  
High Yields

Efficient use of herbicides for plant protection requires the application of auxiliary substances such as surfactants, stabilizers, wetting or anti-foaming agents, and absorption enhancers, which can be more problematic for environment than the herbicides themselves. We hypothesized that the combination of sulfonylurea (iodosulfuron-methyl) anion with inexpensive, commercially available quaternary tetraalkylammonium cations could lead to biologically active ionic liquids (ILs) that could become a convenient and environment-friendly alternative to adjuvants. A simple one-step synthesis allowed for synthesizing iodosulfuron-methyl based ILs with high yields ranging from 88 to 96% as confirmed by UV, FTIR, and NMR. The obtained ILs were found to possess several favorable properties compared to the currently used sodium salt iodosulfuron-methyl, such as adjustable hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient) and enhanced stability in aqueous solutions, which was supported by molecular calculations showing cation–anion interaction energies. In addition, soil mobility and volatility of ILs were more beneficial compared to the parental herbicide. Herbicidal activity tests toward oil-seed rape and cornflower revealed that ILs comprising at least one alkyl chain in the decyl to octadecyl range had similar or better efficacy compared to the commercial preparation without addition of any adjuvant. Furthermore, results of antimicrobial activity indicated that they were practically harmless or slightly toxic toward model soil microorganisms such as Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus cereus.

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