論莊子「即內聖即外王」的實踐型態

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (37) ◽  
pp. 195-218
Author(s):  
吳肇嘉 吳肇嘉
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Spontaneous Activities ◽  
Life Philosophy ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

<p>歷來的莊子研究，往往著重於「生命哲學」主觀面向，而未意識到其「外王」面的作用。這不但窄化了莊學理論的豐富性，同時也削損其回應時代變化的可能。本文目的，即在發掘莊子外王思想的線索，並探討其作用於人間世的方式。</p> <p> 以《莊》書對「有為之治」的批判觀之，莊子將一切存有問題歸因於「心知」之造作，書中所有工夫論述皆是對此而發。由於心知造作遮蔽德性，阻礙生命與外物的自然互動，而牽引外物脫軌亂序。因此問題之解答，即在解消心知造作以恢復德性作用。個體透過「德」的活動而與造化萬物的「道」相接，終而能與存在界達成本然的契合。故莊子的外王，只須無為修養，而不勞典制建構；「即內聖而即外王」一語，就此義可為莊子外王實踐的恰當表述。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>In the past, the understanding of Zhuangzi&rsquo;s thoughts often focused on the subjective aspects of the &quot;&quot;Life Philosophy &quot;&quot; without realizing its objective impact on society. This not only limited the richness of his thoughts, but also underestimated its ability to cope with the changes of the times. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find clues about the &ldquo;Outward Governance&rdquo;（外王） in Zhuangzi’s thought, and to explore the ways in which it affects society.</p> <p> The exploration starts from the &ldquo;Root Problem&rdquo;（「基源問題」） of Zhuangzi. It could be inferred from the acute criticism in the texts against &ldquo;the interventionist governance&rdquo;（有為之治） that Zhuangzi obviously blamed every existing problem on &ldquo;Mind&rdquo;（心知）, and any practice is developed for this. Because the paranoid structure of the Mind suppresses human nature（德）and hinders the natural interaction between life and external things, it causes the whole world to derail and disorder. The answer to this question is to untie the paranoid structure of the mind to restore the role of human nature. Through the spontaneous activities of human nature, the individual is connected with the &quot;&quot;Tao&quot;&quot;（道）that creates all things, and finally the original fit between the individual and all beings can be realized. Therefore, Zhuangzi’s political practice only requires the cultivation of a &quot;&quot;Non-Interference&quot;&quot; attitude, not the construction of a specific system. In this sense, the best description of Zhuangzi’s political practice is the phrase &quot;&quot;Cultivation itself is politics&quot;&quot;.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Reform and Religious Heterodoxy in Thomas Robert Malthus’s “Crises” and the First Edition of the Essay on the Principle of Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Traditional Class

The first edition of Thomas Robert Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population is best understood as an exploration of human nature and the role of necessity in shaping the individual and society.  The author’s liberal education, both from his father and his tutors at Warrington and Cambridge, is evident in his heterodox views on hell, his Lockean conceptualization of the mind, and his Foxite Whig politics.  Malthus’ unpublished essay, “Crises,” his sermons, and the the last two chapters of the Essay (which were excised from subsequent editions) reveal a pragmatic, compassionate side of the young author that was under appreciated by both his contemporary critics and modern historians.  The Essay has been mischaracterized by David McNally (2000) as a “Whig response to Radicalism” and by Patricia James (1979) as a reaction by Malthus against his father’s liberalism.  This article argues that when he wrote the first edition of the Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus was himself a liberal dissenter and Foxite Whig rather than an orthodox Anglican or a Burkean defender of traditional class relations. 

Xunzi in the Light of the Guodian Manuscripts

Early China ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 113-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rakita Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Proper Values ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

This article discusses the several previously unknown Confucian texts discovered in 1993 in a Warring States tomb at Guodian, near Jingmen, Hubei Province. I believe that these works should be understood as doctrinal material deriving from a single tradition of Confucianism and datable to around 300 B.C. Of the surviving literature from the same period, they are closer to the Xunzi than to any other text, and anticipate several characteristic themes in Xunzi's philosophy. These are: the notion of human nature (xing 性),and the controversy over whether the source of morality is internar or “external”; the role of learning (xue 學)and habitual practice (xi 習) in moral development; the content and origin of ritual (li 禮), by which human beings accord with the Way; the conception of the ruler as the mind (xin 心) of the state; and the psychological utility of music (yue 樂) in inculcating proper values.It is especially important for scholars to take note of these connections with Xunzi, in view of the emerging trend to associate the Guodian manuscripts with Zisi, the famous grandson of Confucius, whom Xunzi bitterly criticized.

scholarly journals THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ROLE OF ETHNIC IDENTITY IN GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Predko Victoriia
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Ethnic Identity Formation ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
National Values ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the problem of ethnic identity and its main mechanisms. The driving factor in the life of the ethnic group is its ethnic identity, which is an important component of socialization and a leading factor in the further development of the individual, its productive functioning in society. The article analyzes the main provisions on the definition of ethnic identity. The basic functions and structure of ethnic identity are considered, its psychological role is determined. The process of ethnic identity formation in the times of globalization changes is characterized. Its leading role in socio- psychological adaptation, maintaining the mental health of the individual and maintaining state integrity are determined. The important role of ethnic identity in the formation of ethno-national values that regulate the living space of society is emphasized. The article presents the relationship of ethnic identity with the ethnic mentality of the population.

scholarly journals KAITAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEPRIBADIAN MANUSIA DALAM MENCAPAI TUJUAN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ni Nengah Selasih
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The People ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

<p><em>Human natur</em><em>e, </em><em> in terms of education, according Lengeveld is educabile animal, namely being able to be educated; educandum animal, the creature must be educated; </em><em>education</em><em> homo</em><em>,</em><em> that being on the side can and should be educated can and should educate. The role of education in fostering personality summed up in the goals of education derived or determined by the principle of ontological view and axiologis. Man is the subject, as well as objects of ed</em><em>u</em><em>cation. Cultured adult human is the subject of education in the sense of responsible education. Human undertaking to foster the commuity, preserve the natural environment together, primarily responsible for the dignity of humanity.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Based on the analysis of the structure of the human soul </em><em>and</em><em> personality</em><em>, the </em><em>human behavior is determined by the source and the id, ego, and superego.  Therefore, compulsory education </em><em>is </em><em>deepened to better understand </em><em>of </em><em>human behavior or character. In particular, for educational purposes, to understand human nature, personality, means to understand individual interests, aspirations, potentials, and personal identity, and are fundamental to the effectiveness of the educatonal process, an obligation also to respect the dignity, personality, and uniqueness of a person in order to self-realization.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Science of life for science education is a very valueble complementation. Pedagogic without the same life science with practice without theory. Education without understanding the human means to build something without knowing for what, how, and why people are educated. Without an understanding of the people, the unique nature of the individual, and the potential that it will be fostered, then education would be misdirected. Even without the good sense, then education would rape human nature.</em></p>

Postcards from Europe: The Workings of Memory and the Role of Language in Tuvia Ruebner’s Postcard Poems

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Shahar Bram
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
The Individual

Tuvia Ruebner’s postcard poems undermine the stereotypical, commercial image that tourist postcards wish to create. The name of the poem and the structure hint at such postcards, but attempt to change their appearance, to broaden the limits of the present, and integrate the past into it. The poet offers a memento that combines presence and absence, what is visual and what is verbal, and an inner and an outer reality. The individual memory is thus woven into a collective memory. These poems offer a sober worldview where Europe turns out to be the source of pain and longing, alongside great joys and pleasures. Ruebner’s postcard poems subvert the normative boundaries and binary divisions, providing the reader with a deeper look at human nature, and at the workings of memory.

A PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION: OUR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE ECONOMY

Think ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (45) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Adrian Brockless
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Critical Resistance

The topics of education and the role of educational institutions in society are seldom far from the headlines, the lips of politicians, schoolteachers and parents. Discussion of education (and its associated institutions) within these forums tends to assume uncritically that its ultimate point is to benefit the economy and, by extension, empower the individual through increased prestige and material wealth. This article argues that such a conception of education is misguided and, indeed dangerous, as it estranges us from forms of thought that are frequently united with our conception of what it means to be human, alongside damaging prospects of long-term economic welfare. It is, therefore, the responsibility of our educational institutions to maintain a critical resistance to the culture of the times by ensuring that they do not merely become factories that train their students in ways purely designed to maximize economic impact and increased personal wealth.

scholarly journals Woman philosopher of the Pythagorean school about human nature and upbringing

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Feano of Croton ◽  
Mia of Croton ◽  
Melissa philosopher ◽  
Fintis of Spartan ◽  
Esara of Lucan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Normative Principle ◽  
Women Philosophers ◽  
The Individual

The article offers academic translation into Ukrainian of a number of works by Pythagorean woman philosophers, which reveal the problems of human nature and personality education. The focus is on such pseudo-epigraphs of ancient woman thinkers as two letters by Theano of Crotone, letters of Miya of Crotone and Melissa, as well as treatises by Fintys of Sparta "On a woman prudence", Aesara of Lucania "On human nature" and excerpts from Porphyry’s "Pythagorean music" which contain fragments of the works of Ptolemais of Cyrene. The main themes of the above works and letters are the education of the individual in general, and women in particular. Accordingly, the basis of education should be an element of restraint and prudence in everything. If the child is brought up on this basis, he will be able to be strong and resilient during certain life situations. In the treatises of the Pythagorean women-philosophers it is noted that through the study of our own human nature (namely, the human soul) we can understand the philosophical foundations of natural law and morality. Therefore, a woman should use in her life not fleeting emotions and reactions to a particular event, situation, but also be moderate and prudent. These texts are significant in the context of understanding gender issues in the Hellenistic era. Based on the translated works, we can say that, according to thinkers, a number of virtues are common to both sexes (courage, justice and wisdom), moderation or abstinence are more common in women. At the same time, the limitation of the social role of women reflects an understanding of the nature of the female soul. Accordingly, the normative principle of harmony must be implemented in the context of the specific social roles allowed to women. At the same time, the availability of these texts indicates that philosophy is possible for both men and women, thus emphasizing the importance of involving the latter in knowledge and scientific knowledge.

scholarly journals Defining the dystopian chronotope: Space, time and genre in George Orwell’s 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-39
Author(s):  
Urszula Terentowicz-Fotyga
Keyword(s):  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Structural Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The City

The paper examines George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four as a canonical example of the dystopian novel in an attempt to define the principal features of the dystopian chronotope. Following Mikhail Bakhtin, it treats the chronotope as the structural pivot of the narrative, which integrates and determines other aspects of the text. Dystopia, the paper argues, is a particularly appropriate genre to consider the structural role of the chronotope for two reasons. Firstly, due to utopianism’s special relation with space and secondly, due to the structural importance of world-building in the expression of dystopia’s philosophical, political and social ideas. The paper identifies the principal features of dystopian spatiality, among which crucial are the oppositions between the individual and the state, the mind and the body, the high and the low, the central and the peripheral, the past and the present, the city and the natural world, false and true signs.

scholarly journals Poznanie i wolna wola – dwie podstawowe kategorie antropologii Ambrozjastra

Vox Patrum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Babiarz
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Inner Strength ◽  
The Mind

Ambrosiaster belongs to the Roman school of exegesis. He deserves the atten­tion because of the relations between him and Marius Victorinus, his predecessor, as well as Pelagius and Augustine, his successors. The purpose of the article was to present Ambrosiaster’s anthropology on the basis of his writings. The conclu­sions have been presented in three parts: the elements of human nature, the ratio­nality of knowledge and the scope of free will. The first part shows the process in which the elements of nature are integrated. The spirit plays the decisive role synchronizing both the body and the soul. This dynamic and ongoing process is inspired by the presence of the Holy Spirit. The second part reveals two conditions for gaining knowledge: accepting the limita­tions of the mind and expanding and developing the principle of analogy. The last part presents two ways the free will is practised: by increasing how much one owns, which may be associated with lust, or by strengthening one’s inner strength. The role of the cultural and the ecclesial environment constitutes important infor­mation for the reconstruction of the views of Ambrosiaster. This raises the ques­tion whether – alongside Antioch and Alexandria – one could also talk about the Roman school of exegesis (Marius Victorinus, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius).

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