Development of Gut Microbiota in Childhood: Focusing on the effects of mode of delivery and nutrition in neonatal period

The previously-described differences in CAR and CER acquisition during the neonatal period related to mode of delivery persist for at least 3 mo. thereafter providing the infant is first given the conditioning experience during the neonatal period. In the present study groups of rhesus monkeys, half delivered by cesarean section and half delivered vaginally, were tested at monthly intervals starting on Day 1 or Day 31. The striking differences characteristic of the conditioning performances at birth were greatly reduced at Day 31 in those groups first observed at that age. Although the age-at-introduction × mode-of-delivery interaction was impressive, a convincing basis for interpretation is not apparent. Activity and vocalization levels could not be related to these conditioning performances.

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Disease Pattern and Outcome among Neonates in Pediatric Ward of POF Hospital, Wah

Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College ◽

10.35787/jimdc.v9i1.386 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 40-45

Author(s):

Robina Mushtaq ◽

Musarat Ramzan ◽

Anum Jehan ◽

Aqsa Mushtaq ◽

Areeba Siddiqui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Hospital Record ◽

Pediatric Ward ◽

Disease Pattern

Background: Neonatal period is the duration between 0-28 days of birth and it is the most susceptible period of life because of the large number of problems and diseases which a neonate is likely to face. The objective of the study was to determine the disease pattern and outcome among neonates in Pediatric ward of POF Hospital.Material and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at Pediatric ward of POF Hospital Wah Cantt. Retrospective data regarding age, sex, reasons for admission, outcome and mode of delivery (from hospital record) was collected for all neonates admitted during the year 2016 from 1st January to 31st December. The data was analyzed by using SPSS V-19.Results: Among total neonates (n=887) admitted during the year, 63.2% were males and 36.8% were females. Mean weight of neonates was 2.54 + 0.75 kg while mean age was 2.39 + 5.8 days. Most common diseases were Prematurity, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Seizures and Sepsis. Overall, 82.64% recovered from their illness while 17.02% expired.Conclusions: Prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, seizures and sepsis were the major causes of neonatal admission in this study.Key words: Diagnostic value, Immature-to-total neutrophil ratio, Neonatal sepsis

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Effect of a Short-Time Probiotic Supplementation on the Abundance of the Main Constituents of the Gut Microbiota of Term Newborns Delivered by Cesarean Section—A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3128

Author(s):

Joanna Hurkala ◽

Ryszard Lauterbach ◽

Renata Radziszewska ◽

Magdalena Strus ◽

Piotr Heczko

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gut Colonization

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of human health. Numerous factors, including the mode of delivery, impact early gut colonization in newborns. Recent research focuses on the use of probiotics in the prevention of gut dysbiosis in newborns delivered by cesarean section (CS). The objective of this study was to determine whether a probiotic supplement given to newborns delivered by CS during their stay in the maternity ward alters the pattern of early gut colonization by lactic acid bacteria versus potential pathogens. A prospective, randomized trial was conducted. In total, 150 newborns, born at 38–40 weeks gestational age and delivered by CS, were included in the study. They were randomized into the intervention group, supplemented orally with a probiotic containing Bifidobacterium breve PB04 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL53A, and the control group. Stool samples were obtained on days 5 and 6 of life and after one month of life and were analyzed for the presence and abundance of the main groups of bacteria. An application of two probiotic bacteria during the first days of life after CS resulted in quick and abundant colonization by days 5 and 6, with high populations of L. rhamnosus and B. breve. The applied bacterial strains were present in the majority of neonates one month after. The supplementation of term neonates delivered by cesarean section immediately after birth with a mixture of L. rhamnosus and B. breve enriched the gut microbiota composition with lactic acid bacteria.

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Effect of Delivery Mode and Nutrition on Gut Microbiota in Neonates

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000496427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 132-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Shohei Akagawa ◽

Shoji Tsuji ◽

Chikushi Onuma ◽

Yuko Akagawa ◽

Tadashi Yamaguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Cesarean Section Delivery ◽

Feeding Type ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Gut Microbiota Composition

Background/Aims: The mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean section) and feeding type (breastfeeding or formula feeding) of neonates are considered the most influential factors in the development of gut microbiota. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of prebiotic-rich breast milk on overcoming gut microbiota dysbiosis. Method: Stool samples from 36 healthy Japanese neonates were obtained at 4 days and 1 month of age, and divided into 4 groups based on mode of delivery and feeding type. The gut microbiota composition and bacterial diversity were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: At 4 days old, vaginally delivered neonates had a significantly higher diversity of bacteria than those born by cesarean section. Bacteroidales and Enterobacteriales were overrepresented in vaginally delivered neonates (p = 0.0031 and p = 0.011), while Bacillales and Lactobacillales were overrepresented in caesarean section delivered neonates (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0016). However, there was little difference in bacterial diversity and bacterial relative abundance at 1 month of age between groups. Conclusions: Cesarean section delivery appeared to reduce the diversity of neonate gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis, but this improved to the equivalent level seen in vaginally delivered infants by 1 month of age. Breastfeeding, even for short periods, may therefore improve neonate gut dysbiosis.

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Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2017.0064 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 763-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

O. Sakwinska ◽

F. Foata ◽

B. Berger ◽

H. Brüssow ◽

S. Combremont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Similarity Measures ◽

Vaginal Microbiota ◽

Minor Role ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Feeding Mode ◽

Early Maturation ◽

Stool Microbiota ◽

The Impact

The acquisition and early maturation of infant microbiota is not well understood despite its likely influence on later health. We investigated the contribution of the maternal microbiota to the microbiota of infant gut and nose in the context of mode of delivery and feeding. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and specific qPCR, we profiled microbiota of 42 mother-infant pairs from the GUSTO birth cohort, at body sites including maternal vagina, rectum and skin; and infant stool and nose. In our study, overlap between maternal vaginal microbiota and infant faecal microbiota was minimal, while the similarity between maternal rectal microbiota and infant microbiota was more pronounced. However, an infant’s nasal and gut microbiota were no more similar to that of its own mother, than to that of unrelated mothers. These findings were independent of delivery mode. We conclude that the transfer of maternal vaginal microbes play a minor role in seeding infant stool microbiota. Transfer of maternal rectal microbiota could play a larger role in seeding infant stool microbiota, but approaches other than the generally used analyses of community similarity measures are likely to be needed to quantify bacterial transmission. We confirmed the clear difference between microbiota of infants born by Caesarean section compared to vaginally delivered infants and the impact of feeding mode on infant gut microbiota. Only vaginally delivered, fully breastfed infants had gut microbiota dominated by Bifidobacteria. Our data suggest that reduced transfer of maternal vaginal microbial is not the main mechanism underlying the differential infant microbiota composition associated with Caesarean delivery. The sources of a large proportion of infant microbiota could not be identified in maternal microbiota, and the sources of seeding of infant gut and nasal microbiota remain to be elucidated.

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Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months

Canadian Medical Association Journal ◽

10.1503/cmaj.121189 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 185 (5) ◽

pp. 385-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 468

Author(s):

M. B. Azad ◽

T. Konya ◽

H. Maughan ◽

D. S. Guttman ◽

C. J. Field ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Infant Diet

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The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants' life: a systematic review

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-016-0498-0 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 187

Author(s):

Erigene Rutayisire ◽

Kun Huang ◽

Yehao Liu ◽

Fangbiao Tao

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

First Year ◽

Colonization Pattern

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The Effects of Delivery Mode on the Gut Microbiota and Health: State of Art

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.724449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chenchen Zhang ◽

Lixiang Li ◽

Biying Jin ◽

Xinyan Xu ◽

Xiuli Zuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽

Delivery Mode ◽

Health State ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

State Of Art

The delivery mode is an important factor driving alteration in the gut microbiota during the neonatal period. Several studies prove that the alteration of gut microbiota induced by cesarean section could influence the activation of intestinal epithelial cells and the development of immune system. Further, some autoimmune and metabolic disorders may be related to the microbiota dysbiosis in infants caused by cesarean section. It is noteworthy that probiotics could promote the intestinal microecology, which may further prevent and treat cesarean section related diseases. This review summarized the great significance of delivery mode on microbiota and health, as well as provided clinically feasible methods for the prevention and treatment of cesarean section related gut diseases.

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Caesarean section and gut microbiota in children

World Nutrition Journal ◽

10.25220/wnj.v04.s2.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1-2) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Ariani Dewi Widodo ◽

Mohammad Juffrie

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Composition Studies ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Immune Disorders ◽

Immune Development ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Colonization Patterns ◽

Regulation Changes

Over the last two decades, the C-section rate has increased worldwide. It is understood that colonization patterns of intestinal microbiota in infant delivery in C-section vary from those that were delivered vaginally. These different microbial pattern and diversity will impact and respond to immune and dysbiosis-related diseases. This article examined the effect of C-section on gut microbiota in children.Recent Findings: Newborns are influenced by various factors, including mode of delivery, feeding, nutrition, hospitalization, antibiotic and host gene. Several studies have shown that infants with C-section have lower Bifidobacterium while others have shown lower abundance of Enterobactericeae and Bacteroides in infants with C-section compared to infants born vaginally. Although the mode of delivery is only one factor that influences infant microbiota composition, studies conclude that reduced microbial exposure during the C-section is important because it can affect dysbiosis several years after birth. Good microbiota is a key source of microbial-driven immune regulation, changes in normal patterns of bacterial colonization can alter the immune development outcome and may predispose to certain immune-related disorders later in life.Summary: The composition and concentrations of intestinal microbiota between vaginally and C-section born infants are significantly different. Among C-section infants, gut microbiota is associated with lower diversity and therefore induces dysbiosis, which can affect immune development and may predispose to some immune disorders, i.e. allergies in particular. Nutritional approach with pre-, probiotics, and/or synbiotics can have a promising effect early in life in preventing gut dysbiosis.

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