scholarly journals In-vitro potential of crude extracts of selected garden herbs for mastitis management in Zambia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Joshua Ngwisha ◽  
◽  
Mulemba T. Samutela ◽  
Mbawe Zulu ◽  
Wizaso Mwasinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Agar Dilution

Introduction: The advent of bovine mastitis associated antimicrobial resistance has necessitated development of alternative herbal remedies. In this study, we tested, in-vitro, the antimicrobial efficacy of three crude extracts: (1) aqueous, (2) ethanol and (3) ethyl acetate extracts of Zambian cultivated Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and also made comparisons to synthetic anti-mastitis formulations. Methods: The active compounds of these herbs were obtained as crude extracts using water, ethanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. The test microbes comprised of ten standard controls including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 84 field isolates (all gram positive bacteria) from clinical and subclinical mastitis milk samples from selected districts of the Southern Province of Zambia belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Lactobacillus. The agar dilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity by observing the sensitivity which was graded as sensitive, intermediate or resistant. Commercial synthetic anti-mastitis preparations served as positive controls and their sensitivity was compared to that of the herbal preparations. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of the herbal formulation was also determined using two-fold serial dilutions. Results: The agar dilution test results of the field isolates indicated 18.8% resistance, 25.3% intermediate and 56% sensitivity for the herbal extracts, while the synthetic anti-mastitis preparation averaged 16.8% resistance, 4.75% intermediate and 78.5% sensitivity. The gram negative controls tested were generally resistant. On average, the agar dilution trials revealed; 41.8% resistance, 13% intermediate and 45.3% sensitivity for the herbal formulation while the synthetic antimicrobials produced 23.5% resistance, 5.2% intermediate and 71.3% sensitivity. Mean MIC was 11.5mg/ml at the 5% serial dilution for the herbal extract compared to the Cephalexin (semi-synthetic antimicrobial) MIC for S. aureus at 0.5mg/L or 0.0005mg/ml. Conclusion: The herbs Aloe vera and Curcuma longa from Zambia showed antimicrobial efficacy on bovine mastitis causing microbes and may be used as a cheaper alternative to synthetic anti-mastitis preparations and as an aid to fight antimicrobial resistance to the benefit of the most affected and resource limited small-scale dairy farmers.

In Vitro Screening for Cytotoxic, Anti-bacterial, Anti-HIV1-RT Activities and Chemical Constituents of Croton fluviatilis, Croton acutifolius, and Croton thorelii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charina Worarat ◽  
Wilart Pompimon ◽  
Phansuang Udomputtimekakul ◽  
Sukee Sukdee ◽  
Punchavee Sombutsiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activities

Background: Although the chemical constituents and biological activities of a large number of plants in the Croton genus have been studied, there are still recently discovered plants to be investigated. Objective: 1. To investigate the anti-bacterial, anti-HIV1-RT, and cytotoxicity activities of crude extracts from these plants. 2. To investigate the chemical constituents of Croton fluviatilis, Croton acutifolius, and Croton thorelii. Method: The anti-bacterial, anti-HIV1-RT, and cytotoxicity of the three plants were evaluated by standard techniques. Extraction, separation, and purification of extracts from the three plants were undertaken. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of C. fluviatilis showed low anti-bacterial activity against E. aerogenes, E. coli 0157: H7, and P. mirabilis, together with the ethyl acetate extract of C. acutifolius displayed low anti-bacterial activity against E. aerogenes, while all the crude extracts of C. thorelii were inactive. The ethyl acetate extracts of C. thorelii, and C. fluviatilis showed strong inhibited HIV1-RT, whereas the ethyl acetate extract of C. acutifolius, and the hexane extract of C. fluviatilis displayed moderate inhibited HIV1-RT. Cytotoxic properties of three Croton plants were specific to KKU-M213, MDA-MB-231, A-549, and MMNK-1. Especially, the ethyl acetate extract of C. acutifolius exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against MDA-MB-231, A-549, and MMNK-1. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract of C. thorelii showed high cytotoxic activities against KKU-M213, and MDA-MB-231. Compounds 1, and 4 were found in C. fluviatilis. Compounds 2 and 4 were also found in C. acutifolius. Moreover, compound 3 was only found in C. thorelii. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the three Croton species are good sources of flavonoid compounds and further investigation of the chemical constituents from these plants may prove to be fruitful to discover more active compounds to be tested as potential medicines.

scholarly journals Temporal profile of antimicrobial resistance exhibited by strains of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cases of bovine mastitis for 20 years (1992-2011)

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1041
Author(s):  
Ananda Paula Kowalski ◽  
Grazieli Maboni ◽  
Julia Pires Espindola ◽  
Ariane Foletto ◽  
Guerino Bandeira Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Records of in vitro susceptibility tests performed between 1992 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed in order to evaluate the dynamic profiles of possible changes in antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk samples of cows with mastitis during two decades. The results of 2,430 isolates tested by disk diffusion technique for susceptibility to oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, sulfazotrim, gentamicin, and neomycin were analysed. Comparisons were performed between the percentages of resistance to antimicrobials and their classes and also between the decades studied. Additionally, the possible tendency or changes in the behaviour of these pathogens against the major drugs used in the last two decades were evaluated using regression analysis. The highest rates of resistance (P<0.0001) were observed for the beta-lactams (34.3%), with exception of cephalexin (6.9%), and for the tetracyclines (28%). Similar resistance rates (7.6% to 15.7%) were observed among the other drugs. Regression analysis showed a reduction in resistance to penicillin and ampicillin throughout the period, whilst for oxacillin and neomycin a decrease in the resistance was observed during the first decade, followed by an increase. A trend towards decreased resistance was found for sulfazotrim, whereas for the other antimicrobials no decrease was observed. The results indicated no trend towards increased resistance for most antimicrobials tested. Nevertheless, it is necessary to monitor the resistance patterns of these pathogens in order to save these drugs as a therapeutic reserve

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele C. Beuron ◽  
Cristina S. Cortinhas ◽  
Bruno G. Botaro ◽  
Susana N. Macedo ◽  
Juliano L. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Treatment Procedures

The objective of this study was to evaluate herd management practices and mastitis treatment procedures as risk factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance. For this study, 13 herds were selected to participate in the study to evaluate the association between their management practices and mastitis treatment procedures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 1069 composite milk samples were collected aseptically from the selected cows in four different periods over two years. The samples were used for microbiological culturing of S. aureus isolates and evaluation of their antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 756 samples (70.7%) were culture-positive, and S. aureus comprised 27.77% (n=210) of the isolates. The S. aureus isolates were tested using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay with the following antimicrobials: ampicillin 10mg; clindamycin 2μg; penicillin 1mg; ceftiofur 30μg; gentamicin 10mg; sulfa-trimethoprim 25μg; enrofloxacin 5μg; sulfonamide 300μg; tetracycline 30μg; oxacillin 1mg; cephalothin 30μg and erythromycin 5μg. The variables that were significantly associated with S. aureus resistance were as follows: the treatment of clinical mastitis for ampicillin (OR=2.18), dry cow treatment for enrofloxacin (OR=2.11) and not sending milk samples for microbiological culture and susceptibility tests, for ampicillin (OR=2.57) and penicillin (OR=4.69). In conclusion, the identification of risk factors for S. aureus resistance against various mastitis antimicrobials is an important information that may help in practical recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobial in milk production.

scholarly journals Triphala: An Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (08) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Malabadi Ravindra B. ◽  
◽  
Kolkar Kiran P. ◽  
Meti Neelambika T. ◽  
Chalannavar Raju K.
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Viral Mutant ◽  
Sugar Cane Juice

This review paper updated the significance and pharmaceutical effects of Triphala as an alternative traditional herbal Indian folk medicine used as a immunity booster during the recent outbreak of coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutants, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Delta Plus (AY.1). The current outbreak of coronavirus-2 mutants, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Delta Plus (AY.1) is wreaking havoc in India. The new epicentre of the highest number of corona viral mutant infection cases and death rate has been recorded in Indonesia. The hallmark of the coronavirus disease is the cytokine storm, a massive cytokine and chemokine release due to an uncontrolled dysregulation of the host immune defence that causes loss of function of multiple organs and leading to death. One of the evidence to support Triphala alone inhibited the RNA viruses including human coronavirus. Triphala herbal formulation can reduce the production of progeny of human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63 particles and have an antiviral effect under in vitro conditions. In India, Triphala herbal formulation with an additional supplementation of pumpkin seeds, coconut water, sugar cane juice, Aloe vera juice, neem (Azardirachta indica) leaf juice, and melatonin rich diet has played an important role in controlling coronavirus disease than Triphala alone. However, clinical trials of Triphala with new additional supplementations is lacking for the scientific validation. On the basis literature survey, there is a ray of hope for the Triphala with additional supplementation as a new therapeutic drug for combating Covid-19 viral infections.

scholarly journals Characteristics ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Bovine Mastitis Exposed to Subminimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Cefalotin or Ceftazidime

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Liu ◽  
Laidi Ding ◽  
Bo Han ◽  
Sofie Piepers ◽  
S. Ali Naqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli

Escherichia coliis a major udder pathogen causing clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and its heat stable endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk is a potential risk factor in neonatal infections. Cephalosporins are frequently used for treatment of mastitis caused by mastitis; however, use of these antimicrobials may induce antimicrobial resistance inE. coli. The objective of this study was to explore thein vitroeffect of subminimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of cefalotin (CF) and ceftazidime (CAZ) on the morphology, antimicrobial resistance, and endotoxin releasing characteristics of 3E. coliisolates recovered from bovine clinical mastitis. The parentE. coliisolates, which were susceptible to CF and CAZ, were exposed to CF or CAZ separately at sub-MIC levels to produce 9 generations of induced isolates. Colonies of the CAZ-induced isolates from all 3 parentE. coliwere smaller on blood agar and the bacteria became filamentous, whereas the CF-induced isolates did not demonstrate prominent morphological changes. After induction by CF or CAZ, many induced isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin, CAZ, CF, kanamycin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid while their parent isolates were susceptible to these antimicrobials. Notably, 5 CAZ-induced isolates from the same parent isolate were found to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) though none of the tested ESBL related genes could be detected. All CAZ-induced isolates released more endotoxin with a higher release rate, whereas endotoxin release of CF-inducedE. coliisolates was not different from parent isolates. The exposure of cephalosporins at sub-MIC levels induced resistantEscherichia coli.We inferred that cephalosporins, especially CAZ, should be used prudently for treatment of clinicalE. colimastitis.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Phytotoxic Potential among the Crude Extracts from Parthenium hysterophorus L. Extracted with Solvents of Increasing Polarity

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujjal Kumar Pati ◽  
Ashim Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Seed Germination Assay ◽  
Range Test

There is a worldwide search for the safe, effective and eco-friendly compounds of plant origin to combat the weed species and other pests which are responsible for the great impact on the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. In this present study, a comparison was made to evaluate the phytotoxicity potential of sequentially extracted solvent (hexane, ethyl-acetate, methanol) extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (aerial parts) in vitro through bench-top seed germination assay (Vigna radiata L.). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were done for statistical analysis of the data. The study reveals that germination, growth and vigour was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by ethyl-acetate and methanol extracts. The present study concluded that phytotoxicity of ethylacetate and methanolic crude extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus could be exploited as potential bioherbicide for future weed management programme and the development of bioherbicide for commercial use.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antimalarial Potentials of the Crude Extracts of Callistemon citrinus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotimi Larayetan ◽  
Zacchaeus S. Ololade ◽  
Oluranti O. Ogunmola ◽  
Ayodele Ladokun
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimalarial Agents ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activities

Plants are reservoir for potentially useful bioactive compounds, and owing to the rising occurrences of drug resistance to malaria parasites, there is a need to discover and develop new phytochemicals in plant that can be used as antimalarial agents. In this study, we gave a detailed description of the phytochemicals present in both ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Callistemon citrinus (C. citrinus) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis; both extracts were also evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxicity activities against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b brucei) parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria parasites 3D7 strain, and human cervix adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa cells); in addition, the antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies were determined using standard methods. Both extracts were characterized by a high amount of fatty acids (52.88 and 62.48%). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited a greater activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.025 to 0.10 mg/mL while the methanol extract ranged from 0.025 to 0.15 mg/mL. Both extracts were bactericidal to Escherichia coli ATCC 35150 (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACC (P. aeruginosa). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screenings conducted for both extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids, fat and oils, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in varying amounts. Both crude extracts exhibited antitrypanosomal potentials with an IC50 of 6.6/9.7 μg/mL and antiplasmodial activities with an IC50 of 8.4/13.0 μg/mL. Conclusion from this study indicates that apart from the folkloric uses of this plant in traditional settings, the extracts possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial activities and some pharmaceutically essential bioactive components with remarkable antioxidant capacities that may be used in the synthesis of novel drugs for the management of different varieties of ailments.

scholarly journals In Vitro Assessment of Antiplasmodial and Antitrypanosomal Activities of Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Oedera genistifolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6987
Author(s):  
Kunle Okaiyeto ◽  
Anthony I. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Crude Extracts

The high resistance evolution of protozoans to the existing antiparasitic drugs has necessitated the quest for novel and effective drugs against plasmodium and trypanosome parasites. As a result, this study aimed to assess the antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal potentials of chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts of Oedera genistifolia. Standard biochemical procedures were explored for the plant extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds in the crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were assessed against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa cells) and their antiparasitic activities were investigated against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. GCMS analyses of the crude extracts revealed the bioactive compounds that could be responsible for the biological activities. The extracts had no cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and demonstrated good antiplasmodial activity (chloroform extract: IC50 = 11.6 µg∙mL−1, ethyl acetate extract: IC50 = 3.3 µg∙mL−1 and ethanol extract: IC50 = 3.7 µg∙mL−1). Likewise, they showed excellent antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 = 0.5 µg∙mL−1 for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts and IC50 = 0.4 µg∙mL−1 for the ethanol extract. Findings from the present study indicated that O. genistifolia could be a good source of strong antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal agents.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF DIHYDROQUERCETIN GLYCOSIDE FROM THE ROOT BARK OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AND ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC SCREENING OF THE CRUDE EXTRACTS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Usman ◽  
R.H. Mohammad ◽  
A.O. Abdullahi ◽  
A.H. Zakari ◽  
N.L. Usman
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activity ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Isolated Compound ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The root bark of Calotropis procera (Family: Asclepiadaceae) was extracted with methanol. The methanolic extract was separated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water soluble fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation and final purification was achieved by column chromatography. The structure of the compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods (ESI-MS, 1H and C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and the comparison of the data obtained with that reported in the literature. It was concluded that the compounds isolated was taxifolin 4’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a dihydroquercetin glycoside. The crude extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, and water soluble fractions of methanol extract and the isolated compound were subjected to antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The result shows that the maximum inhibitions in the DPPH assays were isolated compound (51.7 %), methanol (80.7 %), and water (29.2 %) fractions while ascorbic acid standard was (84.4 %). However, the results for hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions in the DPPH assays were poor and hence discarded. The results for the in vitro cytotoxicity activity shows that ethyl acetate and hexane fractions showed significant cytotoxicity with LC50 value of 1.0±0.2 and 2.4 ±0.1 respectively. 

scholarly journals Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicity of Crude Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Oncoba spinosa (Flacourtiaceae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kodi Philip ◽  
Peter Kiplagat Cheplogoi ◽  
Mwangi Muthoni Elizabeth ◽  
M. Akala Hoseah ◽  
Moses K. Langat
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Crude Extracts

Aims: The medicinal plant Oncoba spinosa is used by the local communities in Butebo County in Eastern Uganda for treatment of malaria and other diseases. In vitro antiplasmodial activities of the crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened against chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains. In vivo acute toxicity of the extracts and structure elucidation were also determined in the study. Experimental: Crude extracts of: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol were prepared. Isolation and purification of these extracts were done using chromatographic techniques which consisted of column and thin layer chromatography. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was performed on chloroquine sensitive 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum using SYBR Green 1 assay technique. Lorke’s method of acute toxicity was used to determine the in vivo acute toxicity of the crude extracts in mice. Results: The root ethyl acetate crude extract had highest antiplasmodial activity of IC50:4.69 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 3.52 ± 0.02 µg/mL against 3D7 and Dd2 strains respectively while the remaining three were inactive against both strains of Plasmodium. Isolation resulted in the identification of three known compounds which included: β-sitosterol, benzoic acid and chaulmoogric acid. Among the tested compounds β-sitosterol showed the highest activity of IC50 3D7: 5.51 µM. Dichloromethane and hexane extracts were non-toxic with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg while the EtOAc and MeOH extracts were slightly toxic with LD50 of 547.72 mg/kg. Statistically significance existed between the antiplasmodial activity of the crude extracts and compounds when compared with the controls at (p < 0.05). Extracts and compounds exerted a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in antiplasmodial activity compared to the positive controls. Conclusion: The findings confirm the ethnobotanical use of O. spinosa by the local communities in Butebo County for the treatment of malaria. The results also suggest that the crude extract of this plant is safe and possesses antimalarial activity which can be used as a basis for in vivo and clinical studies to be done. Therefore the plant can offer a potential drug lead for developing a safe, effective and affordable antimalarial.

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