Effect of the inclusion of lysine and methionine on the nutritional performance and ingestive behavior of lambs

Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids for ruminants; their inclusion in the free form is not effective, since they are quickly degraded by ruminal microorganisms, making the fulfillment of the requirements of metabolizable protein difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including different levels of lysine and methionine, protected from ruminal degradation, in the diet of lambs; more specifically, their effects on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Capim Branco, Federal University of Uberlândia, from September to October 2016. Five 1/2Dorper x 1/2Santa Inês lambs, at approximately eight months of age and an average weight of 50 kg, were distributed in a 5x5 Latin square design, with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of different levels (0 g, 8 g, 16 g, 24 g and 32 g) of lysine and methionine added to the diet, protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM ®). The feed was composed of corn silage and concentrate (30V: 70C), offered twice daily at 08h00 and 16h00. The experiment lasted 75 days and was divided into five phases. Each phase lasted 15 days, with 10 days for adaptation of the animals and five days of data collection. The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages, with a feeder, drinker and salt shaker. A digestibility assay was performed to determine the consumption and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber and acid (NDF/NDA). Urine volume and density, stool weight and fecal score, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior were recorded. In relation to metabolic and body weight, DM intake (kg day-1) presented a positive linear response with the inclusion of amino acids, as well as the CP intake, NDF intake, ingested nitrogen and nitrogen balance, which were positive in all treatments. There was no difference (P < 0.05) in the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP and NDF. Water consumption was high in all treatments, but did not differ by treatment (P > 0.05). Ingestive behavior was not influenced (P > 0.05). The inclusion of up to 32 g of protected lysine and methionine increases DM and nutrient intake, without negatively affecting digestibility. The high CP intake induced an increase in the urinary nitrogen excretion, and consequently, an increase in the energy expenditure.

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Levels of protected lysine and methionine in the diet of lambs: nutritional parameters and protein metabolites

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽

pp. 3709

Author(s):

Carolina Moreira Araújo ◽

Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior ◽

Karla Alves Oliveira ◽

Adriana Lima Silva ◽

Marco Túlio Santos Siqueira

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Average Weight ◽

Nutritional Parameters ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Five Phases ◽

Different Levels ◽

Urinary Nitrogen Excretion

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of protected lysine and methionine on the nutritional parameters and protein metabolites of lambs. The experiment was carried out at the Capim Branco Experimental Farm, at Uberlândia Federal University, during the months of September and October 2016. Five blood lambs ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês, approximately eight months old and with an average weight of 50 kg, were distributed in a Latin square scheme 5 × 5 (five treatments and five replicates). The treatments consisted of the inclusion in the diet of different levels of lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM®): 0 g, 8 g, 16 g, 24 g, and 32 g. The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrate in a ratio of 30V:70C. The experiment was divided into five phases. Each phase had a duration of fifteen days (ten days of adaptation of the animals to the experimental diets and five days of data collection). The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages. A digestibility assay was performed to determine the apparent dry matter intake and digestibility (DMI/DDMI), nitrogen balance, and protein metabolites. The DMI (kg day-1) and in relation to the metabolic weight presented a positive linear equation, and was highest for the treatment with 32 g of amino acids, as well as the ingested nitrogen and nitrogen balance, being positive in all treatments. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the DDMI. The crude protein and urea concentrations remained above the recommended levels and the concentration of creatinine remained below the recommended level. The inclusion of protected amino acids up to 32 g increases DMI and urinary nitrogen excretion without negatively affecting digestibility. The protein metabolism was altered, without causing damage to the performance of the animals.

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PROTEIN METABOLISM AND PROTEIN RESERVES DURING ACUTE STERILE INFLAMMATION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.82.1.65 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 65-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

S. C. Madden ◽

W. A. Clay

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Oral Feeding ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Body Protein ◽

Low Protein ◽

Positive Balance ◽

Urinary Nitrogen

Adult dogs were given a proteinless diet plus casein, 80 calories/kilo, 0.4 gm. nitrogen/kilo/day. Sterile controlled inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. The reaction is characterized by local swelling, induration, and abscess formation, terminated by rupture or incision after 3 to 5 days and by general reactions of malaise, fever, leucocytosis, and increased urinary nitrogen. For 3 to 6 days after turpentine the nitrogen intake was provided in seven experiments by amino acids given parenterally (a solution of the ten essential amino acids (Rose) plus glycine). A normal dog with a normal protein intake showed a negative nitrogen balance after turpentine—urinary nitrogen doubled even as in inflammation during fasting. A protein-depleted dog (low protein reserves produced by very low protein intake) given a normal protein intake after turpentine maintained nitrogen balance—urinary nitrogen rose only slightly. With a high (doubled) protein intake the depleted dog showed strongly positive balance. Normal dogs with high (doubled) protein intakes react to turpentine with doubled urinary nitrogen outputs on individual days and therefore are maintained in approximate nitrogen balance and weight balance. This end may be achieved equally well or better by oral feeding, when such is possible and absorption unimpaired. The increased nitrogen excretion after injury is again shown directly related to the state of body protein reserves. Increased catabolism not inhibition of anabolism best explains the excess urinary nitrogen. Protection during injury of valuable protein reserves appears possible through an adequate intake of protein nitrogen.

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Intake, digestibility and intake behaviour in cattle fed different levels of palm kernel cake

Revista Mvz Córdoba ◽

10.21897/rmvz.208 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 3105-3112 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Fereira ◽

Ronaldo Lopes O ◽

Adriana Regina B ◽

Gleidson Giordano Pinto de C ◽

Raimundo Nunes Vaz S ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Palm Kernel Cake ◽

Cattle Feed ◽

Feed Costs ◽

Different Levels ◽

Potential Use

ABSTRACTObjective. The potential use of palm kernel cake was evaluated as a replacement for soybean and corn meal in cattle feed, by investigating their intake, digestibility levels and the intake behaviour of cattle fed diets containing different levels of palm kernel cake concentrate. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Bahia, between August and October 2009. Five crossbred Holstein × Zebu adults, were used. A 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design was used. The animals were fed Tifton-85 Bermudagrass, which made up 65% of their diet, plus one of five different levels of palm kernel cake concentrate (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%). Results. A linear decrease in dry matter (kg/day) was observed due to the lower palatability and higher fiber content of the palm kernel cake. Neutral detergent fiber intake by the animals showed a quadratic behavior. The coefficients of fractional digestibilities of the analyzed feed, did not differ due to the inclusion of palm kernel cake. The ingestive behavior of the animals was not influenced by the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet. Conclusions. Palm kernel cake can be used as an alternative feed supplement in ruminant production systems to reduce feed costs without changes in the studied variables.

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Ingestive behavior of crossbred Santa Inês sheep fed water with different salinity levels

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p1057 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 1057 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

José Helder Andrade de Moura ◽

Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo ◽

Edilson Paes Saraiva ◽

Ítalo Reneu Rosas de Albuquerque ◽

Sílvia Helena Nogueira Turco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Total Dissolved Solids ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Average Weight ◽

Dissolved Solids ◽

Water Ingestion ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Santa Inês ◽

Time Spent Feeding

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four water salinity levels on the ingestive behavior of non-castrated crossbred Santa Inês sheep. Thirty-two non-castrated crossbred Santa Inês sheep in feedlot, at seven months of age and initial average weight of 21.76±1.25 kg, were used in the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and eight replicates. Four concentrations of salts in the water fed to the animals were evaluated: low (640 mg/l); medium (3,188 mg/l); high (5,740 mg/l) and very high (8,326 mg/l) levels of total dissolved solids (TDS). For the ingestive behaviors, the animals were observed every ten minutes, for 24 hours, to determine the time spent feeding, ruminating and idle. Also, cud chewing and the average number of defecations and urinations and the frequency of water ingestion were determined. The time spent feeding, ruminating and idle were not changed by the salinity levels in the water. Dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, total chewing time, total cud chews per day, number of daily meals, average duration of each meal and number of defecations per day did not change either. However, feeding and rumination efficiency in grams of DM/h, water intake and number of urinations were linearly affected, whereas the variables rumination efficiency in grams of NDF/h, grams of dry matter per cud, grams of neutral detergent fiber per cud, number of cuds, number of chews per cud and chewing time per cud presented quadratic effect. The different levels of total dissolved solids (640; 3,188; 5,740; and 8.326 mg/l) in the water fed to the sheep did not cause alterations in their ingestive behavior. In conclusion, water with up to 8,326 mg TDS/l can be an alternative strategic and seasonal method to water crossbred Santa Ines sheep.

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Sequence of limiting amino acids in groundnut protein isolate for the preruminant lamb

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9790321 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 321 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

DD Phillips ◽

DM Walker

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Protein Isolate ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Energy Concentration ◽

Urea Nitrogen ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Collection Period ◽

Limiting Amino Acids

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in five experiments to determine the sequence of limiting amino acids in milk replacers containing groundnut protein isolate (GPI) as the sole source of protein. Experiment 1. Eight lambs were each given eight diets in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The diets contained GPI, unsupplemented with amino acids, to provide from 0.10 to 0.45 of the total energy as protein. Experiment 2. Eight lambs were used in two 4 x 4 change-over designs. The protein energy concentration of the diets after supplementation with amino acids was 0.22. In both experimental designs the GPI was supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr as a group in one diet. In experiment 2a each of these amino acids was added singly in successive diets, while in experiment 26 one of the amino acids was omitted in turn from the mixture. Experiment 3. Six lambs were each given six diets based on GPI, supplemented with Met and Lys, at six levels of protein energy (0,100-0.225) in a 6 x 6 change-over design. Experiment 4. Eight lambs were used in an 8 x 8 change-over design. The protein energy concentration of the eight diets was 0.12 after supplementation with a group of amino acids that included Met, Lys, Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe. In successive diets Thr, Val, Leu, Isol, Try and Phe were omitted singly and, in the final diet, these six amino acids were omitted as a group. In experiments 1-4 the dietary periods were of 3 or 4 days. Nitrogen balances were estimated and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (PUN) measured on the last day of each dietary period. Experiment 5. Six lambs, in two equal groups, were used in a conventional balance experiment, with a 5-day preliminary and a 6 day collection period. One group was given an unsupplemented low protein diet based on GPI, the other group had a similar diet supplemented with Met, Lys and Thr. The protein energy concentration in both diets was 0.10. The sequence of limiting amino acids in GPI (based on a 1 day nitrogen balance) was Met, Lys (equally first limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.22), Thr, Try (equally third limiting at a protein energy concentration of 0.12). A 1-day nitrogen balance (or urinary urea nitrogen excretion in experiment 4) was a more sensitive indicator of the protein quality of a diet than PUN concentrations. The 1 day collection period gave a similar estimate of nitrogen balance to that determined in the conventional 6 day balance experiment.

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Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. I. The effect of alterations in total essential amino acid intake at constant nitrogen intake

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9770917 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 917 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H Dove ◽

GR Pearce ◽

DE Tribe

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Conclusive Evidence ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Urinary Nitrogen

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg (period 1), 20 kg (period 2) and 30 kg (period 3) were infused per abomasum with milk-based diets in which crude protein (CP) and energy contents were constant at a given Iiveweight, but in which the proportion of CP supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) varied from 120 to 876 g EAA/kg CP. Responses in liveweight gain, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (period 1 only) were measured. A number of lambs died while receiving diets containing very high or very low proportions of EAA. Possible reasons for these deaths are discussed. In all periods liveweight gains were greatest in lambs given the control diet (513 g EAA/kg CP). In period 1 this liveweight gain was close to that expected on the basis of energy intake, but in periods 2 and 3, liveweight gains on the control diets were less than anticipated. Reductions in liveweight gain were greater for diets containing low proportions of EAA than those containing high proportions. The infusion of diets containing low proportions of EAA markedly increased urinary nitrogen excretion. The effect of diets containing high proportions was less pronounced. As a result of these effects, lambs given the control diet had the highest daily nitrogen balance in all periods. Nitrogen balance was less severely affected by the dietary changes than liveweight gain, particularly with 30 kg lambs. It is suggested that the reduced retention of apparently digested nitrogen in diets other than the control diets reflected the unsuitability of the pattern of absorbed amino acids for protein synthesis. The effect of diet on the components of energy balance in period 1 was less pronounced than its effect on nitrogen balance. The metabolizability of apparently digested energy was lower in diets other than the control diet, especially those containing low proportions of EAA. This is attributed to the energy cost of increased urinary nitrogen excretion on such diets. Alternative interpretations of the results are discussed, and it is suggested that dietary amino acids will be utilized most efficiently for protein synthesis by the tissues of the lamb when essential and non-essential amino acids are provided in approximately equal proportions. There was no conclusive evidence that this optimum proportion was different for older lambs.

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Ingestive behavior of sheep fed Brazil nut cake in the diet

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p2259 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 2259

Author(s):

Aline Fernanda Oliveira Ramos ◽

Bianca Damasceno Pinho ◽

José De Brito Lourenço Júnior ◽

André Guimarães Maciel e Silva ◽

Cristian Faturi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Average Weight ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Brazil Nut ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Extract Content ◽

Voluntary Intake ◽

Williams Test

This study evaluated the ingestive behavior of sheep when fed a corn-silage-based diet with varying levels (0%, 15%, 30%, and 60%) of Brazil nut cake (NC) (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.). Sixteen mongrel sheep with an average weight of 33 ± 6.04 kg were randomly distributed between four treatments. Data were tested for assumptions of normality, subjected to an analysis of variance, and adjusted in regression equations and by Williams’ test, to estimate the W point. The voluntary intake of dry matter (DM) and insoluble neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased linearly (P = 0.013 and P = 0.002) by 5.0 g and 2.41 g d-1, respectively, for every 1% of NC added to the diet. The time the animals spent feeding (288.75 min d-1) was not significantly affected; time spent idle increased linearly (P= 0.0002) by 3.10 min, and time spent during rumination decreased linearly by 2.62 min (P = 0.001) for each 1% addition of the co-product. The number of ruminated boluses (NRB) displayed a decreasing effect (P = 0.004) of 4.61 d-1 for each 1% of NC. For ruminating chews, the time spent per bolus (37.5 sec) and the number per bolus (56.14) did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. However, the total chewing time (TCT) decreased linearly (P = 0.002) by 0.05 h d-1 and the number of chews per day displayed a quadratic effect (P = 0.008), with a maximum value estimated at 17.5% of NC in the diet. Rumination efficiency did not differ between the treatments (101.95 g DM h-1 and 36.76 g NDF h-1). The feeding efficiency (FE) had a linear reduction (P = 0.045) of 0.42 g NDF h-1, but was similar for g DM h-1 (172.5). The daily intake of DM and NDF showed W points estimated at 51.96% and 30.67% NC, respectively. The variables NRB, TCT, and FE (g NDF h-1) had W points estimated at 56.64%, 56.19%, and 56.33% NC, respectively. The Brazil nut cake, when present at levels greater than 56% of the diet’s DM, affects the ingestive behavior of the animals, particularly rumination-related variables, and at levels of 30.67%, it begins to affect the consumption of NDF, primarily due to the ether extract content and the diet’s fiber source.

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SOME EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON NITROGEN METABOLISM, WATER BALANCE, AND ENERGY METABOLISM

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.57.3.349 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 349-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Oliver H. Gaebler

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Urine Volume ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Mature Female ◽

Anterior Lobe ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Reserve Protein ◽

Pituitary Glands ◽

Negative Balance

1. Solutions of the globulin fraction of alkaline extracts of the anterior lobe of beef pituitary glands, when administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously to dogs for 1 or 2 days, greatly increase the nitrogen balance. Urine nitrogen falls markedly, and at the same time blood non-protein nitrogen decreases, while the nitrogen of the feces remains the same. 2. The nitrogen gained may either be retained or lost again, indicating that it may be converted into reserve protein rather than into permanent structures. Sudden gains in weight which follow the injections are always lost again. 3. The effect of the extracts on protein catabolism is greatest when this is high, as in adult dogs having a negligible positive nitrogen balance, or a negative balance, while consuming a high protein diet adequate in calories. 4. Both the fall in nitrogen excretion, and the subsequent rise, when the latter occurs, are due to changes in urea excretion. 5. Other results of the brief treatments are: great increases in water intake and urine volume, marked thirst, slight rise in temperature, and a remarkable increase in heat production effected by oxidation of fat. Mature female dogs were used, and in one of these lactation occurred after some of the injections.

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Intake, digestibility, and performance of lambs fed spineless cactus cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 1284-1291

Author(s):

Levi Auto Lopes ◽

Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira ◽

Ângela Maria Vieira Batista ◽

Michel do Vale Maciel ◽

Rodrigo Barbosa de Andrade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Period ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feeding Time ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ultrasound Measurements ◽

Total Carbohydrates ◽

And Performance

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia) and Miúda (Nopalea) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs.Methods: Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, Nopalea and Opuntia) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection.Results: The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) as a function of the diets, with the Nopalea treatment (p<0.05) increasing DM intake (g/kg and % body weight [BW]), CP, TDN, and TC digestibility, whereas the Tifton hay diet led to a high (p<0.001) neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) g/d intake, NDFap (BW %) and digestibility of said nutrient. There was no effect of treatments (p>0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed Tifton hay. The performance of the animals was similar (p>0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, Nopalea promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay.Conclusion: The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.

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