Influence of Low Carbohydrate High Fat Ketogenic Diets on Renal and Liver Parameters

In recent times the use of high fat ketogenic diet as a treatment strategy in some diseases and weight control has been on the increase. This study aims to elucidate the effect of high fat ketogenic diet on some renal and liver parameters. Forty albino rats were used and divided into four groups. Group A was control; B, C, and D were fed with diets including butter, coconut oil and olive oil respectively for eight weeks. Urine and serum samples were assayed spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference in urinary albumin (0.13±0.01g/dl) of group D when compared with control (0.22 ± 0.03g/dl). Urinary creatinine concentrations of group D (4.32±0.70mg/dl) was higher than group C (1.75±0.46 mg/dl). Urea of group B (39.40±4.70 mg/dl), group C (29.90±1.46 mg/dl) and group D (40.20±2.62mg/dl) were lower than control group (64.20±3.41mg/dl). Serum creatinine concentrations of group B (1.05±0.09mg/dl), group C (0.85±0.07lmg/dl) and group D (1.03±0.07 mg/dl) were reduced significantly. Albumin: creatinine ratio of group A (120.6±32.04) was higher than that of group D (41.31±8.28). AST (260.1±17.80) was higher in group C compared with A (160.1± 9.510). ALT for D (91.20±18.70), group A (36.00±3.84), serum albumin concentrations of group D (3.590±0.1286), group C (3.590±0.1286) and group A (4.100±0.1814). Total protein concentration of group C (5.390±0.2105), D (5.280± 0.1104) and group A (6.190±0.2496g). Body weight of experimental groups reduced while the control groups increased. This study has confirmed that high fat ketogenic diet can be used for weight management however it could be harmful to the liver but did not show any harmful effects on the kidneys.

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Shashen-Maidong Decoction-Mediated IFN-γ and IL-4 on the Regulation of Th1/Th2 Imbalance in RP Rats

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/6012473 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Yuan Yang ◽

Yanping Zhou

Keyword(s):

Lavage Fluid ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Control Group ◽

Related Factor ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Relative Ratio ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Objective. Studying correlative changes of Th1/Th2 (Th, Helper T cells) related factor Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the progression of radiation pneumonia (RP) rats and the efficacy of Shashen-Maidong decoction on these indexes to explore the immune mechanism of the decoction on the prevention and treatment of RP. Methods. Male 60 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups. In addition to the normal control group taking saline, the other rats were set up RP model treated with Shashen-Maidong decoction or dexamethasone (DXM), respectively. The IFN-γ and IL-4 concentrations in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats were tested in the 2nd and 4th week after radiation, and the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 was calculated. Results. (1) There was significant difference of serum IL-4 concentrations in group B (p<0.01) and extreme difference in groups C and D (p<0.001) compared with group A in 4th week. Compared with group D, IL-4 concentrations in group B increased significantly in both 2nd and 4th week (p<0.01). Group B had significantly decreased IFN-γ concentrations in BALF (p<0.001) compared with group D in the 4th week. And IFN-γ concentrations in BALF in group B were increased compared with group C in the 4th week (p<0.05). (2) There was no difference of the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 at each time in groups B and A for both serum and BALF, while the ratios in groups C and D in 4th week in BALF were increased (p<0.05) compared to group A. Conclusion. Shashen-Maidong decoction can improve the immune function of RP rats by increasing IFN-γ concentration and decreasing IL-4 concentration, possibly by increasing the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 to regulate the immune imbalance of Th1/Th2.

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The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on the Cognitive Function of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-665350/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Zhou ◽

Dongjin Xie ◽

Ting Chen ◽

Youguang Gao ◽

Lanying Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Escape Latency ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Test Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Inhalation Dose ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Abstract Background: The study sought to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on cognitive function after anesthesia and to examine its actual mechanism. Methods: A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into model Groups A, B, C, or D. Rats in Groups A, B, and C received a hypodermic injection of D-gal with a concentration of 1,000 mg·kg−1·d−1 respectively for 1 week. Group D received the same volume of saline. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed within 6 days of the injection. After the behavior test, Group A received an inhalation dose of 2% sevoflurane. Group B received an inhalation dose of 2% sevoflurane and an intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine with a concentration of 10 μg·kg−1·h−1. Group C served as the control group and received no treatment. Group D received an inhalation dose of 2% sevoflurane. Results: In relation to the model establishment, we found that there was no significant difference in body weight and swimming speed before and after modeling. There was no statistically significant difference in the escape latency between Groups A, B, C, and D before modeling. After modeling, there was no statistical difference in the escape latency between Groups A, B, and C, but the difference was statistically significant when compared to Group D (P<0.05). In relation to the dexmedetomidine intervention, we found that compared to Group C, MWM test performance in Group A and B was considerably worse (longer escape latencies and fewer platform crossings within 90 seconds), and were more significant in Group A. .Compared with Group D, the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α of the brain homogenates were elevated, and this elevation was highest in Group A, followed by Group B; The pathological changes were consistent with changes in behavioral tests. In group A, there were obvious disorders of glial cell arrangement, apoptosis and deletion. There was no significant change in group D. And the changes of vertebral cells in group B and group C were slight, with orderly arrangement and intact cell structure.Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine inhibits the apoptosis of hippocampal cells and reduces the cognitive dysfunction of rats with MCI induced by D-galactose via the inhibition of the release of inflammatory cytokines.

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Intravenous injection of butorphanol prevents shivering of parturients undergoing cesarean section under epidural anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial

10.21203/rs.2.10671/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Shuying Fu ◽

Liang Qi ◽

Bing Zhang ◽

Mingpin Hu ◽

Xuejiao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Intravenous Injection ◽

Epidural Anesthesia ◽

Apgar Score ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory effect of intravenous injection of butorphanol on the shivering in those parturients who underwent cesarean section (CS) under epidural anesthesia (EA). Methods 160 parturients planned for elective CS under EA were enrolled and finally 155 of them were included in this trial and randomly allocated to 4 groups. Before epidural anesthesia, parturients in Group A, B and C were respectively injected 7.5μg/kg, 5μg/kg and 2.5μg/kg butorphanol (100ug/ml) while none in Group D was given any drug. The incidence, duration and intensity of shivering, hemodynamic parameters of parturients, Apgar score of neonates, analysis of blood gas of umbilical cord and adverse events were recorded. Results The demographic characteristics of parturients of the four groups were similar. Compared with the control group (Group D), statistically significant attenuation of shivering was seen in the parturients of Group A and Group B. The incidence, intensity and duration of shivering of the Group A and Group B were all lower than those of the control group, but there was no statistical difference in the incidence, severity or duration time of shivering among groups receiving butorphanol. No patient displayed grade 4 shivering. There were no significant differences among the groups with mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR) after administration of butorphanol. The incidences of most adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypotension were also not seen statistical difference among the four groups. However, compared with other three groups, sedation parameter increased in Group A. Compared with Groups C and Group D, incidences of dizziness increased in Group A and Group B. There was no significant difference in Apgar score, PH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3- and lactic acid value among the newborns of the four groups. Conclusion The prophylactic administration of intravenous butorphanol 0.75μg/kg or 0.5μg/kg is effective on inhibiting shivering and can be safely used in parturients undergoing CS under EA, but 0.5μg/kg is more suitable because of less sedation. Dizziness of parturients should be monitored whichever dose is used.

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Histological and Biochemical Study on Mitigation of Dichlorvos-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Mimosa Pudica in Mice

International Journal of Human Anatomy ◽

10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

Enye Linus Anderson ◽

Keboh Angel ◽

Edem Edem ◽

Saka Olusola S ◽

Akunna Gabriel Godson

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Mimosa Pudica ◽

Histological Studies ◽

Total Protein Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D ◽

Alt Activity

Objective Exposure of dichlorvos-contaminated foods, water and environment can lead to decrease in proper liver function. Thus, Mimosa pudica(MP)is being investigated in the present study to determine its protective effect on dichlorvos induced hepatotoxity in Mice. Methods Fifty adult male BALB/c mice weighing between 20-30g were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 animals each (Groups A, B, C, D, and E). Group A as the control Group received normal feed, group B received 0.1 ml of MP, group C was given 40 g of 2.5% Dichlorvos (DDVP) for 28 days. While, group D were given 40 g of 2.5% DDVP with 0.1ml of MP and group E animals were given DDVP for half the period of administration, normal feed and 0.1ml MP for 14 days. Histological and biochemical preparations of the liver were processed and data were expressed as mean± SEM. Significant difference was set at p<0.05. Results ALT activity and the total protein level of the liver show no significant increase (P < 0.005) when compared with the control. AST and ALP activities were significantly increased in animals given DDVP with subsequent MP treatment when compared with the controls. Histological studies revealed distortion of normal hepatic histoarchitecture in DDVP group B and MP groups mitigated these changes in the treated groups. Conclusion Dichlorvos caused tissue distortion in the mice with prominent toxic effects on the liver while MP extract showed ameliorative effects on the liver that was exposed to DDVP

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The effect of buserelin injection 12 days after insemination on selected reproductive characteristics in cows

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201180020171 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 171-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mehmet B. Ataman ◽

Hüseyin Erdem ◽

Bülent Bülbül ◽

Seyit Ümütlü ◽

Mehmet Çolak

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rates ◽

Control Group ◽

Death Rates ◽

Plasma Progesterone ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D ◽

Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽

Embryonic Death

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of buserelin injection on day 12 postinsemination on fertility in lactating dairy cattle. A total of 57 cows were assigned to two groups and four subgroups. In the treatment group, the cows were synchronized with PGF2α-PGF2α (group A) or GnRH-PGF2α (group B) protocol, and buserelin was injected on day 12 postinsemination. Cows in the control group were synchronized with PGF2α-PGF2α (group C) or GnRH-PGF2α (group D) protocol, saline solution was injected on day 12, and served as controls. Pregnancy rates on day 21 and 45 and embryonic death rates were 85.7%, 71.4% and 16.7%, 85.7%, 85.7% and 0.0%, 73.3%, 62.1% and 27.3% and 85.7%, 71.4% and 16.7% in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. There was no significant difference between synchronization protocols for pregnancy rates, and among groups A, B, C and D for pregnancy rates and embryonic death rates. Mean progesterone concentrations in pregnant cows in groups A and B were higher than that in groups C and D, respectively, on day 18 and 21 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GnRH injection on day 12 postinsemination increased the plasma progesterone concentrations on day 18 and 21 postinsemination. However, it did not alter the pregnancy rates and prevent embryonic deaths.

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Comparative Gastro-Protective Effects of Nigella sativa (Kalojira) and Omeprazole against Aspirin Induced Gastric Ulcer in Albino Rats

Delta Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/dmcj.v4i2.29371 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 61-66

Author(s):

Nashid Sultana ◽

Md Ismail Khan ◽

Nasim Ahmed ◽

Md Shakil Akhter ◽

Azmary Momtaz

Keyword(s):

Gastric Ulcer ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Aqueous Suspension ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Medical College ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Background: Nigella sativa seeds have been in use as a natural remedy for over thousands of years in various parts of the world. These seeds are reported to have beneficial effects almost on every system of the body.Objective: To evaluate the gastro-protective effect of Nigella sativa on aspirin induced gastric ulcer with comparison to omeprazole.Materials and method: This experimental study was carried out in the department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration with the department of Pathology, Delta Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total number of 30 healthy albino rats were used in this study. The experiment was divided into 2 parts: Experiment-1 and Experiment-2. Experiment-1 comprised of 12 rats: Group-A and Group-B having 6 rats in each group. Ulcer was produced by administration of aqueous suspension of aspirin (200 mg/kg body wt) in Group-B where Group-A served as control and was provided with normal saline (2 ml/kg body wt). All the rats were sacrificed after 4 hrs to confirm gastric ulcer by histopathology. Experiment-2 comprised of 18 rats: Group-C, Group-D and Group-E having 6 rats in each group. Group-C served as disease control group and provided with normal saline (2 ml/kg body wt). Group-D was provided with alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (150 mg/kg body wt) and Group-E was provided with omeprazole suspension (20 mg/kg body wt). After 8 days of treatment, animals were fasted for 24 hrs. Then aqueous suspension of aspirin (200 mg/kg body wt) was administered and after 4 hrs all rats were sacrificed. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed to evaluate the results.Results: Aspirin caused marked gastric damage in negative control group which was prevented in omeprazole suspension and Nigella sativa extract treated groups significantly. The protective effect was maximum with omeprazole followed by alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa.Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa showed significant protection against aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rats as compared to omeprazole.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2016 4(2): 61-66

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Study of Sub-Acute Toxicity Profile of Fenugreek (Trigonellafaenum-Graecum) Seeds in Kidney Tissues of Albino Rat: A Randomized Control Trial

Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/cmoshmcj.v18i1.42131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 36-43

Author(s):

Sefa Sarwath Alam ◽

Ashish Kumar Mazumder ◽

Rasheda Akhter ◽

Selim Md Jahangir

Keyword(s):

Dose Level ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Toxicity Profile ◽

Fenugreek Seeds ◽

Group A ◽

Recovery Group ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Background : The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sub-acute toxic effects of ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds on kidney tissues of albino rats. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 30 albino rats divided into Group A, B, C, D and R. Group A (Control group) was treated with distilled water. Group B, Group C and Group D were treated orally with ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds at a dose of 1.25 gm/kg/day, 2.5 gm/kg/day and 5 gm/kg/day respectively for 90 consecutive days. Group R (Recovery group) was treated with seed extract of 5 gm/kg/day for 90 days followed by no treatment for next 28 days to observe any toxic effect if present in highest dose whether reversible or not. On 91st day all the animals of Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D were sacrificed and Group R was sacrificed on 119th day. Blood sample was collected from all the rats by cardiac puncture before sacrifice for measurement of biochemical and hematological parameters, and kidneys were collected for histopathological examination after sacrifice. Results: Upto 2.5 gm /kg/day dose level, all parameters of all experimental groups were statistically not significant when compared with control group. At 5 gm/kg/ day dose level the seeds extract produced statistically significant change in biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine and blood urea. In gross microscopic examination of kidney, at the highest dose level showed the sign of cell injury like cellular swelling, hemorrhage, inflammatory cells infiltration, necrosis etc. Interestingly, these biochemical and microscopic findings at the highest dose level were absent in recovery group. Conclusion: Finally, the study revealed that ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds was non toxic up to 2.5 gm/kg/day dose level and produce renal toxicity at 5 gm/kg/day dose level in sub acute toxicity test. So, if needed to use in higher therapeutic dose the toxicity profile of seeds extract must be re-evaluated. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.18 (1); Jan 2019; Page 36-43

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Effect of Methanolic Extract of African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis) Stem Bark on Liver and Kidney Function Biomarkers in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v6i330156 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-55

Author(s):

N. B. Muhammad ◽

R. S. U. Wasagu ◽

B. Sani

Keyword(s):

Kidney Function ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

The effect of methanolic extract of African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis) on glucose level, liver and kidney function biomarkers in alloxan induced diabetic rat was investigated. The rats were grouped into four of ten (10) rats each. The rats in Group B, C and D were induced with 0.4mL of alloxan. Group C was treated with 0.3 mL of methanol stem back of Diospyros mespiliformis, Group D was treated with 1.3 mL of metformin; Group A non-diabetic and Group B diabetic untreated. There was a significance increase (P<0.05) in serum glucose level (23.95±1.04mmol/L) of diabetic untreated rat when compared with the normal rat (5.59±0.22mmol/L) Group A. There was also a significant difference P<0.05 in glucose level of the Groups treated with extract (15.90±0.29mmol/L) and Group treated with metformin (17.25±0.28mmol/L) when compared with diabetic untreated rat (23.95±1.04mmol/L). The effect of extract on Liver marker enzymes AST shows a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Group treated with extract (11.00±0.40U/L) and metformin (11.04±1.08U/L) when compared with untreated (12.88±0.53g/L). ALT showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Groups treated with extract (11.05±1.07U/L) and metformin (11.02±1.11U/L) when compared with untreated Group (14.58±0.76g/L). There was a significance P<0.05 increase of Total protein in untreated rats (66.00±2.26g/L) when compared with extract (11.25±1.15g/L) and treated with metformin (11.75±1.11g/L). There was a significance P<0.05 decrease in ALB in diabetic untreated (41.25±0.25g/L) when compared with that treated with extract (57.25±4.37g/L) and metformin (60.20±1.88g/L) and untreated rats. The values of renal function, Urea (6.74±1.76) mMol/l for Group A, (6.50±1.56) mMol/l for Group B, (8.87±1.10)mMol/l for Group C and (8.44±1.21) mMol/l for Group D. Creatinine values (0.44±0.01) mMol/l for Group A, (4.02±0.36) mMol/l for Group B, (3.16±0.10) mMol/l for Group C and (0.46±0.10) mMol/l. The stem bark extracts possesses hypoglycemic effect and also has a positive effect on liver and kidney function biomarker.

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Clinical effect of Suvarna Bindu Prashan

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i3.8203 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patil Aniket ◽

Dindore Pallavi ◽

Arbar Aziz ◽

Kadam Avinash ◽

Saroch Vikas

Keyword(s):

Physical Health ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Control Group ◽

Inform Consent ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Immune Booster ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Apparently Healthy

The quest for excellence in mental and physical health is not new. We find various references and formulations in Ayurvedic classics meant for promoting mental and physical health of a child. Suvarna Prashan is one of the formulations explained in age old Ayurvedic classic Kashyap Samhita. This formulation is very widely used now days as a memory and immune booster for children. But there is very little systematic documented study which can be used to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation. Suvarna Bhasma was prepared in Ayurved Rasayani Pharmacy, Pune. Madhu and Ghrita were collected from KLE Ayurveda Pharmacy, Belgaum. Suvarna Bindu Prashan was prepared in KLE Ayurved pharmacy, Belgaum. It contains Suvarna Bhasma, Ghrita and Madhu. Twenty apparently healthy male and female children with age group of three to four years were ready to sign inform consent form were selected into two groups each. Subjects in Group A received Suvarna Bindu Prashan where as Group B (Control group) did not receive any treatment. Both the groups were observed for six months. Children in Suvarna Bindu Prashan group showed significant reduction in the scores of eating habits, behavior, mood, temperament and scores of event of illness. However there was no significant difference in the score of sleeping habit. There was significant increase in IQ percentage.

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The Role of Obesity in Predicting the Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000517180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Serdar Sahin ◽

Havva Sezer ◽

Ebru Cicek ◽

Yeliz Yagız Ozogul ◽

Murat Yildirim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Study Groups ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Care Providers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Group D

Introduction: The aim of this was to describe the predictors of mortality related to COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the association between overweight, obesity, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Methods: We included the patients >18 years of age, with at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Patients were grouped according to body mass index values as normal weight <25 kg/m2 (Group A), overweight from 25 to <30 kg/m2 (Group B), Class I obesity 30 to <35 kg/m2 (Group C), and ≥35 kg/m2 (Group D). Mortality, clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were compared among 4 groups. Results: There was no significant difference among study groups in terms of mortality. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation requirement was higher in group B and D than group A, while it was higher in Group D than Group C (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.017], Group D vs. Group A [p = 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.016]). Lung involvement was less common in Group A, and presence of hypoxia was more common in Group D (Group B vs. Group A [p = 0.025], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p = 0.006], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.014]). The hospitalization rate was lower in Group A than in the other groups; in addition, patients in Group D have the highest rate of hospitalization (Group B vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group C vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group A [p < 0.001], Group D vs. Group B [p < 0.001], and Group D vs. Group C [p = 0.010]). Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity presented with more severe clinical findings. Health-care providers should take into account that people living with overweight and obesity are at higher risk for COVID-19 and its complications.

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