Topical Toxicity of Esenbeckia pumila Extracts on Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta laevigata and Acromyrmex balzani

The aim of this study was to evaluate the topical toxicity of the Esenbeckia pumila plant extracts on workers of the Atta laevigata and Acromyrmex balzani. Five leaf fractions E. pumila were drawn viz., the hexane, ethanolic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts, as well as the ethanolic fruit extracts. Further, the phytochemical leaf extract exploration was performed, and the secondary compounds detected were as follows: flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, cardioactive heterosides and tannins. The different leaf and fruit extract fractions were first diluted in 70% ethyl alcohol, and different doses were topically applied to the A. laevigata and A. balzani workers. All the fractions extracted exhibited formicidal effects and this effect was greater to A. laevigata rather than to A. balzani. Only a small percentage of the workers succumbed within the first few hours of application of the different extracts in comparison with the workers which died only after a longer exposure time (72 h) implying a delayed effect of E. pumila extracts.

Download Full-text

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Croton sylvaticus Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract and their Mutagenic Effects

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800628 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mutalib A. Aderogba ◽

Ashwell R. Ndhlala ◽

Johannes Van Staden

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Mutagenic Effects

Croton sylvaticus is a medicinal plant widely employed in the management of inflammatory conditions, infections and oxidative stress related diseases such as insomnia, abdominal and internal inflammations. The activities demonstrated by the plant extracts support that its constituents possess the ability to reduce oxidative damage to body cells. Repeated column fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction of a 20% aqueous methanol leaf extract using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity directed on Sephadex LH-20 afforded three compounds identified by mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as: 2′-(3″,4″-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (1), 3, 3′, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) (2), and 3, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone (kaempferol) (3). These compounds are reported from the leaf extracts of C. sylvaticus for the first time and compound 1 is a new natural product. The microplate technique was used to determine the inhibitory effects of the plant extracts (crude and solvent fractions) and isolated compounds against AChE. The IC50 values of the compounds ranged from 60.7 to 415.0 μg/mL, with compound 2 having the best inhibitory activity; the IC50 values of the plant crude extract and solvent fractions ranged from 235.0 to 4695.0 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction had the best inhibitory activity (IC50=235.0 μg/mL). The three compounds showed no mutagenic effects against Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100. The activity demonstrated by these compounds suggests that they could be effective in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

Download Full-text

Insecticidal Effect of Solenostemma argel Extracts Against Culex pipiens

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association ◽

10.2987/17-6725.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fahd A. Al-Mekhlafi ◽

Nael Abutaha ◽

Muhammad Farooq ◽

Muhammad Al-Wadaan

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Culex Pipiens ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Adult Mosquito ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Nontarget Organisms ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extracts

ABSTRACT Of the various plant extracts from 10 plant species tested against larvae of Culex pipiens in the laboratory, only extracts from Solenostemma argel exhibited larvicidal activity. A chloroform leaf extract of S. argel exhibited relatively high activity with a lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LC50) of 15.89 ppm, while chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of S. argel fruits were 19.70 and 19.52 ppm, respectively. The chloroform fruit extract at 10 ppm reduced the hatchability of Cx. pipiens eggs by 20%, whereas the chloroform leaf extract was found to be less effective (5% reduction). At 10 ppm, adult emergence was reduced by 84% and 75% for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of fruits, respectively. Metamorphosis of larvae exposed to chloroform fruit extract (10 ppm) was extended to 15 days, as compared to 10 days for control larvae. It took 12 days at 1 ppm, and 15 days at 6 and 10 ppm for chloroform fruit extract–treated embryos to develop into adult mosquito while it took 10 days in the control treatment. However, 100% toxicity was observed in the embryos of zebrafish, Danio rerio, treated with the ethyl acetate fruit extracts (LC50 of 20 ppm and LC100 of 40 ppm) and chloroform leaf extract (LC50 of 30 ppm and LC100 of 60 ppm). These findings emphasize the need to further isolate the bioactive molecules in S. argel crude extracts that may still be mosquitocidal but produce no, or minimal, adverse effects on nontarget organisms such as zebrafish.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical screening and toxicity of Crambe abyssinica Hochst extracts on Solanum lycopersicum L., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Bidens pilosa L. and Glycine max (L.) Merril

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v35n5a2019-42328 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Ariane Spiassi ◽

Andréa Maria Teixeira Fortes ◽

Luciana Pagliosa Carvalho Guedes ◽

Gislaine Piccolo de Lima ◽

Rennan Oliveira Meira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Bidens Pilosa ◽

Crambe Abyssinica ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Methanolic Extracts

This study aimed to identify the main groups of secondary compounds from Crambe abyssinica and evaluate the bioactivity of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts on the seed germination and seedling development of tomato, wild poinsettia, hairy beggartick and soybean. The phytochemical screening considered the presence or absence of total saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. In the seeds it was evaluated: germination percentage, germination velocity index, average germination time, index of allelopathic effects, shoot and root length and seedlings dry matter. In the phytochemical screening it was observed that each solvent extracted different compounds. Flavonoids were found only in the ethyl acetate extract and saponin only in the methanol extract. A high allelopathic effect of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of crambe on the bio-indicator species tomato was observed. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts also showed inhibitory effect on the weed hairy beggartick and did not present negative effects on soybean. There is the possibility of isolating the bio-active compounds of crambe and use them as a bio-herbicide to the alternative control of the weed hairy beggartick.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical and HPTLC Studies on Fruit Extracts of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl, a Medicinally Important Plant

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb939910 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 350-360

Author(s):

Shantakani SRINIVASULU ◽

Yarrama PALLAVI ◽

Bollu GAYATRI DEVI ◽

Hemalatha K. PADMA JYOTHI

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

The Other ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Preliminary Screening ◽

Drug Discovery And Development ◽

Fruit Extracts

Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step in the detection of bioactive principles present in medicinal plants, which subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. In the present study, chief phytoconstituents of the Momordica cymbalaria were identified. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals was done by using three extraction methods: maceration, soxhlation and reflux with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. All the nine extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids that were obtained by the three extraction methods. The present work also attempted to optimize the HPTLC fingerprint profiles of secondary metabolites in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic fruit extracts of M. cymabalaria. Soxhlated methanolic fruit extract was rich in secondary compounds and exhibited more biological activity than the other extracts. Hence future study is needed to isolate potential bioactive principle from fruit extract of M. cymbalaria.

Download Full-text

AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK DAUN DAN BIJI TEPHROSIA VOGELII J. D. HOOKER (LEGUMINOSAE) DAN EKSTRAK BUAH PIPER CUBEBA L. (PIPERACEAE) TERHADAP LARVA CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE)

JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA ◽

10.23960/j.hptt.1101-12 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Muhamad Abizar ◽

Djoko Prijono

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Insecticidal Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Feeding Method ◽

Tephrosia Vogelii ◽

Leaf Residue ◽

Seed Extracts

Insecticidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Tephrosia vogelii J. D. Hooker (Leguminosae) and fruit extract of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae) on the cabbage head caterpillar, Crocidolomia pavonana (L.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Ethyl acetate leaf and seed extracts of Tephrosia vogelii and a solid fraction of ethyl acetate fruit extract of Piper cubeba were evaluated for their insecticidal activity on second-instar larvae Crocidolomia pavonana by a leaf-residue feeding method in the laboratory. Leaf extracts of purple and white-flowered T. vogelii showed the same pattern of component separation on silica gel TLC plate (Rf between 0.21 and 0.94), and likewise the separation of components of seed extracts of purple and white-flowered T. vogelii (Rf between 0.31 and 0.96). All four kinds of T. vogelii extracts showed intense UV-absorbing nonpolar spots (Rf > 0.8). Based on LC50 ratio at day 4, leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii (LC50 0.075%) was 4.30, 2.70, 2.21, and 1.64 times more toxic than fruit extract of P. cubeba, seed extract of white-flowered T. vogelii, seed extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii, and leaf extract of white-flowered T. vogelii, respectively. All T. vogelii extracts were more toxic to C. pavonana larvae than P. cubeba fruit extract. At LC95 level, a mixture of leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii and fruit extract of P. cubeba (5:9, w/w) was more toxic to C. pavonana larvae than each extract tested separately. This extract mixture had synergistic joint action against C. pavonana larvae both at LC50 and LC95 level. Thus, leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii and its mixture with P. cubeba fruit extract are promising to be used for controlling C. pavonana.

Download Full-text

Plant extract as gas adsorbent to reduce smoke toxicants of cigarette

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1139463/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liu Yonggang

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Cigarette Filter ◽

Platycladus Orientalis ◽

Adsorption Capacities

Abstract Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals including many known toxicants and annually leads to millions of deaths worldwide. To reduce the harms of cigarette, plant extracts were applied to adsorb smoke toxicants of cigarette. Results showed that platycladus orientalis leaf extract and mulberry fruit extract particles filled into cigarette cellulose acetate filter can significantly reduce 15 major cigarette smoke toxicants emission including hydrogen cyanide (HCN), benzo[α] pyrene (B[a]P), formaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-butanone, P-hydroquinone, M-dihydroxybenzene, catechol, phenol, M-P-cresol, O-cresol, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-methylnitrosamino-l-3-pyridyl- butanone (NNK), (R,S)-N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and (R,S)-N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) by 11.90% to 60.42% (P<0.01). Platycladus orientalis leaf extract particles added in the outer cigarette filter also can adsorb other 125 kinds of chemicals most of which are harmful. Our results also indicated that plant extract has extensive gas adsorption characteristics and different plant extracts displayed different adsorption capacity to different toxicants. The adsorption capacities of five randomly selected plant extracts are all significantly higher than that of activated carbon（P<0.01). These findings suggest that plant extracts are excellent cigarette smoke adsorbents.

Download Full-text

1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolite profiling of guava leaf extract: an attempt to develop a prototype for standardization of plant extracts

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12906-021-03221-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manasi S. Gholkar ◽

Jia V. Li ◽

Poonam G. Daswani ◽

P. Tetali ◽

Tannaz J. Birdi

Keyword(s):

Ferulic Acid ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Nmr Spectra ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

E Coli ◽

H Nmr ◽

Guava Leaf

Abstract Background Herbal medicines are fast gaining popularity. However, their acceptability by modern practitioners is low which is often due to lack of standardization. Several approaches towards standardization of herbals have been employed. The current study attempted to recognize key peaks from 1H NMR spectra which together would comprise of a spectral fingerprint relating to efficacy of Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extract as an antidiarrhoeal when a number of unidentified active principles are involved. Methods Ninety samples of guava leaves were collected from three locations over three seasons. Hydroalcoholic (water and ethanol, 50:50) extracts of these samples were prepared and their 1H NMR spectra were acquired. Spectra were also obtained for quercetin, ferulic acid and gallic acid as standards. Eight bioassays reflecting different stages of diarrhoeal pathogenesis were undertaken and based on pre-decided cut-offs, the extracts were classified as ‘good’ or ‘poor’ extracts. The bioactivity data was then correlated with the 1H NMR profiles using Regression or Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Results OPLS-DA showed seasonal and regional segregation of extracts. Significant models were established for seven bioassays, namely those for anti-bacterial activity against Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholerae, adherence of E. coli, invasion of E. coli and S. flexneri and production and binding of toxin produced by V. cholerae. It was observed that none of the extracts were good or bad across all the bioassays. The spectral analysis showed multiple peaks correlating with a particular activity. Based on NMR and LC-MS/MS, it was noted that the extracts contained quercetin, ferulic acid and gallic acid. However, they did not correlate with the peaks that segregated extracts with good and poor activity. Conclusions The current study identified key peaks in 1H NMR spectra contributing to the anti-diarrhoeal activity of guava leaf extracts. The approach of using spectral fingerprinting employed in the present study can thus be used as a prototype towards standardization of plant extracts with respect to efficacy.

Download Full-text

Fungal-Fungal Interactions in Leaf-Cutting Ant Agriculture

Psyche A Journal of Entomology ◽

10.1155/2011/617478 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sunshine A. Van Bael ◽

Catalina Estrada ◽

William T. Wcislo

Keyword(s):

Plant Traits ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Future Research ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Tropical Plants ◽

Symbiotic Relationships ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Symbiotic Fungi ◽

Leaf Cutting ◽

Fungal Interactions

Many organisms participate in symbiotic relationships with other organisms, yet studies of symbioses typically have focused on the reciprocal costs and benefits within a particular host-symbiont pair. Recent studies indicate that many ecological interactions involve alliances of symbionts acting together as mutualistic consortia against other consortia. Such interacting consortia are likely to be widespread in nature, even if the interactions often occur in a cryptic fashion. Little theory and empirical data exist concerning how these complex interactions shape ecological outcomes in nature. Here, we review recent work on fungal-fungal interactions between two consortia: (i) leaf-cutting ants and their symbiotic fungi (the latter grown as a food crop by the former) and (ii) tropical plants and their foliar endophytes (the cryptic symbiotic fungi within leaves of the former). Plant characteristics (e.g., secondary compounds or leaf physical properties of leaves) are involved in leaf-cutting ant preferences, and a synthesis of published information suggests that these plant traits could be modified by fungal presence. We discuss potential mechanisms for how fungal-fungal interactions proceed in the leaf-cutting ant agriculture and suggest themes for future research.

Download Full-text

A Study on the variation of Apigenin content in Cardiospermum halicacabum from 21 districts of Tamil Nadu by HPTLC

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00460 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2613-2618

Author(s):

A Rajasekaran ◽

V Abirami ◽

S Arunkumar ◽

Priya G Bharani ◽

S Gugapriya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Stationary Phase ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Mobile Phase ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Marker Compound ◽

Aluminium Sheets ◽

Hptlc Method

Cardiospermum halicacabum is one of the most potent medicinal plants used in Indian traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases, mainly for arthritis. Apigenin is one of the major constituent present in Cardiospermum halicacabum. The present study mainly aimed to estimate the content of major constituent apigenin present in Cardiospermum halicacabum collected from 21 districts of Tamil Nadu by HPTLC method using the marker compound apigenin. The HPTLC method was performed using HPTLC aluminium sheets precoated with Silica Gel 60 GF254 as stationary phase and Toluene: Ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:6:1.6:0.4 v/v) as the mobile phase. The developed chromatogram was scanned at 254nm using Camag Scanner III. The Rf value of standard apigenin and apigenin in the leaf extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum was found to be in the range of 0.80 to 0.89. Plant collected from Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu was found to contain relatively high amount of marker compound apigenin than other regions.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Some Indigenous Plant Extracts for Suppressing Bipolaris sorokiniana in Wheat Seed

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v7i1.5587 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 96-104

Author(s):

Rokshana Panna ◽

FM Aminuzzaman ◽

MR Islam ◽

MHM Borhannuddin Bhuyan

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Pathology Laboratory ◽

Black Cumin ◽

Seed Pathology ◽

Indigenous Plant ◽

Black Cumin Seed

Studies were conducted in the Seed Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to evaluate some indigenous plant extracts on the incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana of wheat and seed germination. Seed treated with plant extracts reduced the incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana. The lowest incidence was counted (12.33%) in seeds treated with Burmuda grass extracts (1:2W/V). While the highest seed germination (99.60%) was recorded in seeds treated with this grass extract followed by 99.33% germination in seeds treated with Neem leaf extract (1:2W/V), 98.00% with nut sedge grass rhizome extract (1:2 W/V), 87.67% with Allamanda leaf extract (1:2W/V). Comparatively the lowest incidence of Bipolaris sorokiniana (14.00%) was observed in seeds treated with Neem leaf extracts (1:2W/V) followed by 14.50% in seeds treated with Nut sedge grass rhizome extracts (1:2W/V), Black cumin seed extracts (15.20%) and Allamanda leaf extract (24.00%).

Download Full-text