scholarly journals Economic Value of Ecosystem Disservices of Green Spaces found in Residential Plots of Dar es Salaam City

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Nicholaus Mwageni ◽  
Gabriel Kassenga
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ecosystem Disservices

Most studies have reported benefits of green spaces to households but few studies have been reported on negative effects (disservices) as well as their economic cost. Understanding ecosystem disservices from home greenery is important for health, safety and security of urban environment. The current paper reports on a study on economic value of green spaces including aesthetics, health, safety and security, physical, social and economic disservices. The study employed focus group discussion and in-depth interviews using structured questionnaire. Results indicate that, 65% of the respondents face the aforementioned disservices. Disservices which are aesthetic in nature were found to be faced by majority followed by health and physical disservices. The study has shown that households spend an average of TZS 60,691 (USD 26) per year on prevention and control of aesthetic and health disservices. In totality, valuation of ecosystem disservices from home greeneries has revealed that a household can incur an average total cost of TZS 116,817 (USD 50) per year. At City level, the total disservice cost is estimated to be TZS 106 billion (USD 45,415,595) per year. Disservices affect 5% of the annual household income on preventing and controlling their impacts. The study recommends that departments responsible for handling environmental management issues should recognize the value of green space and integrate aesthetic factors into their planning and budgeting.

scholarly journals Development and Empowerment of Peatland Ecosystem (Analysis of the Peat Ecosystem Recovery and Development Program in the Districts of Kutai Kartanegara and East Kutai, East Kalimantan Province)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Zulkarnain Zulkarnain ◽  
R.M.N. Hartanto ◽  
S.N. Rahmatullah ◽  
Owin Jamasy Djamaludin
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Control Work ◽  
And Control

The province of East Kalimantan has significant peatlands. Covering an area of 700,000 HA, spread across Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kutai Regency and West Kutai Regency. This valuable asset must be empowered to be efficient for the life of the surrounding ecosystem. Swamp and freshwater fish habitat that is around peatlands is a natural potential that has historically been of economic value, which is a condition to be developed on the basis of an empowerment model. The people who live around the swamp and peat have traditionally made swamps and fish their main livelihoods. It is appropriate that the empowerment of peat ecosystems is one of the targets and strategic development agenda, with the support of recommendations from the results of scientific and professional studies.  Analysis of the study that began in the period April - November 2016 on the program of recovery and development of peat ecosystems, is one of the innovations to control the damage to peat ecosystems in order to provide solutions and new hopes for peat ecosystem recovery with the target of achieving sustainable prosperity. In 2019 the results of the analysis of this study have been verified and considered as a periodic monitoring and evaluation tool.Analysis of the study was conducted in a participatory manner with the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) principle. A number of analytical tools used by the process of finding data include the formation of a Peat Ecosystem Recovery and Control Work Team (TK-PPEG), preparation of a peat ecosystem-based social map, transect walk, and preparation of program options which are then packaged in the form of a Community Work Plan (RKM). The recommended forms of strategic programs include stabilizing water status on peatlands by building canal blocking and developing agricultural demonstration plots or fish cultivation.The method of collecting data and information is done through observation, interviews and focused discussion or what is commonly called a focus group discussion (FGD). The data generated from the PRA tool is then analyzed descriptively to illustrate the strategies and programs that are the solution in the efforts to restore and control the peat ecosystem. A critical note is that the management of the peatland hydrological area for agricultural and fishery commodities, must pay attention to their suitability for their utilization and use space. Another aspect is the optimization of community participation in each stage.

The Effects of Corporate Ownership on Public Accountants' Professionalism and Ethics

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Shafer ◽  
D. Jordan Lowe ◽  
Timothy J. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Corporate Acquisitions ◽  
Accounting Professionals ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

The current trend toward corporate acquisitions of CPA firms poses potential threats to the autonomy and ethical standards of public accounting professionals. This recent consolidation movement suggests that for the first time a significant number of public accounting professionals are subject to the supervision and control of nonprofessionals. In addition to acknowledging the potential threats to auditor independence and objectivity, this paper suggests that these new organizational arrangements for the provision of public accounting services have other negative effects on professionalism and ethics such as desensitizing CPAs to traditional professional values, and subverting professional institutions to the goals of corporate employers. This paper develops a framework that identifies several specific research questions related to the effects of corporate ownership on professionalism and ethics in public accounting.

scholarly journals Sustainability of Seahorses: Lessons Learned of Local Wisdom from Bintan Islands, Riau Islands Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Fitria Ulfah ◽  
Afrizal ◽  
Arief Pratomo
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Local Institution ◽  
Reproduction Pattern ◽  
Depth Interviews

Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) has a high economic value in Bintan Island that leads to its exploitation by coastal community intensively. This study was to assess local knowledge on seahorse ecology which was captured across shoreline near the coastal communities. The research was conducted in SebongPereh village Bintan Island. The data were collected by conducting depth interviews and focus group discussion on seahorse fishermen which was selected purposively. The results revealed local fishermen have ecological knowledge related to habitat types, behavior, and monthly variation in abundance, size and reproduction pattern. The result also showed that the existence of the seahorse during the catch season moves around, follow the condition of the seaweed and tidal of sea water. This local knowledge was used by fishermen as a strategy in determining the fishing time and catchment area of a seahorse. Through such local wisdom, local fishing communities established a local institution to manage conversation and sustainability use of seahorse in waters of SebongPereh village.

scholarly journals Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Sanchez-Ribas ◽  
Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽  
Anthony Érico Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

scholarly journals Sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection

2014 ◽  
pp. 113-140
Author(s):  
Dragan Nonic ◽  
Mersudin Avdibegovic ◽  
Jelena Nedeljkovic ◽  
Aleksandar Radosavljevic ◽  
Nenad Rankovic
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
And Control

At the global level, due to the negative effects of over-exploitation of natural resources, numerous processes and initiatives for their conservation and sustainable governance have started. The beginning of the transition process, as well as political and economic changes that followed in the countries in transition, were in line with the new orientation of the international forest and nature protection policy. The transition process has caused, among other things, a redefinition of the role of government in managing natural resources. This meant a shift from ?government? to ?governance? concept. This concept refers to the change from the classical approach of ?command and control? to active participation of all involved parties and establishing rules for the division of responsibilities and benefits. The aim of the paper is to identify, analyze and systematise the current concepts of sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection, their characteristics and the principles on which they are based, with a main purpose of preparation of a research platform for more detailed research in this area. The paper gives recommendations for the application of the principles of governance in forestry and nature protection, as well as recommendations for future research in this area.

scholarly journals Green Spaces in Residential Areas of Dar es Salaam City: Types, Coverage and Uses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Nicholaus Mwageni ◽  
Robert Kiunsi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Density ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
The City

Green spaces in urban areas including in Dar es Salaam City provide multiple ecological, social and economic benefits. Despite their benefits they are inadequately documented in terms types, coverage and uses. This paper attempts to provide information on types, coverage and uses of green space in Dar es Salaam City. A number of methods including literature review, interpretation of remotely sensed image, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document city greenery. The research findings show that residential greenery is made up of greenery found within and external to plots. The dominant green spaces external to residential plots were natural and semi natural vegetation while within plots were woody plants, plots farms vegetable and ornamental gardens. Distribution of greenery varied among the wards due to differences in building density and distance from the city centre. Natural and semi natural vegetation increased with decrease of building density and increase of distance from the city centre, while the number of plots with trees for shade increased with increase of building density. Only Kawe ward that had greenery above Tanzania space planning standards, the other three wards which are informal settlements had green space deficit. Three quarters of the households use green spaces for shade provision and cooling, two thirds as a source of food products and a quarter for recreation and aesthetic purposes. The study reveals that Dar es Salaam City residents invest predominantly on shade trees in their residential plots compared to other green space types.

scholarly journals Novel Antibiofilm Non-Biocidal Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Francesca Cappitelli ◽  
Federica Villa
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Biofilm Model ◽  
Biocidal Products ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
And Control ◽  
By Products

AbstractSubaerial biofilm (SAB) formation on cultural heritage objects is often considered an undesirable process in which microorganisms and their by-products, e.g., enzymes and pigments, cause damage or alteration to a surface. Since biofilms are widespread phenomena, there has been a high demand for preventive and control strategies that resist their formation or reduce their negative effects once formed. Up to date, the main strategy to control biofilms has been the use of biocides. Because of their intrinsic properties, biocidal products can pose risks to humans, animals, and the environment. In this chapter, the authors call “green” only those alternative strategies to biocides able to prevent/control biofilms but that do not kill microorganisms, i.e., irrespective of the use of natural compounds. Here, we describe some of the methods that are most commonly used to test the effectiveness of antibiofilm compounds with multiple-species biofilm model systems. A unified terminology and well described protocols and guidelines are still required to compare and test the effectiveness of traditional or novel compounds against biofilms retrieved on heritage surfaces.

scholarly journals Substitution Program in Indonesia and Australia as Health Promotion Model at Schools

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Oktia Woro Kasmini Handayani ◽  
Doune Macdonald ◽  
Louise McCuaig ◽  
Tandiyo Rahayu ◽  
Irwan Budiono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Education ◽  
School Health ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Health Promotion Model ◽  
Applied Model ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
And Control

Obesity has been increasing as much as twice on age 6-12 years. The increase is happening both in Indonesia and Australia. The objective of this research is to construct a program model in Australia that can be substituted to be a health promotion model at School in effort to suppress child obesity. Research was conducted in 2014 with qualitative approach. Instruments used are as follow 1) Secondary data filling form 2) In depth interview guidence instrument 3) FGD (Focus Group Discussion) and BST (Brain Storming Technique). The informations were obtained by purposive and snowball technique. Data analysis by Miles and Huberman model. Substitution model is based on consideration that applied model has potential to be developed and other models whether internal or external ones in Indonesia. The model will be substituted by considering school condition and situation. School Health Unit (SKU) is a potential platform to promote health by these activities 1) Formal health education as taken place curricullum 2) Informal health education in forms of (1) health education information (2) Self health behaviour monitoring and control (3) Health promotion by doing healthy life (4) distribution of health education booklet to teachers and parents.

The Design of an IEEE 1588 End-to-End Transparent Ethernet Switch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Caleb Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Packet Delay ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Path Delay ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ieee 1588 ◽  
Precision Time ◽  
End To End ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Ethernet Switch

<p>In measurement and control systems there is often a need to synchronise distributed clocks. Traditionally, synchronisation has been achieved using a dedicated medium to convey time information, typically using the IRIG-B serial protocol. The precision time protocol (IEEE 1588) has been designed as an improvement to current methods of synchronisation within a distributed network of devices. IEEE 1588 is a message based protocol that can be implemented across packet based networks including, but not limited to, Ethernet. Standard Ethernet switches introduce a variable delay to packets that inhibits path delay measurements. Transparent switches have been introduced to measure and adjust for packet delay, thus removing the negative effects that these variations cause.  This thesis describes the hardware and firmware design of an IEEE 1588 transparent end-to-end Ethernet switch for Tekron International Ltd based in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. This switch has the ability to monitor all Ethernet traffic, identify IEEE 1588 timing packets, measure the delay that these packets experience while passing through the switch, and account for this delay by adjusting a time-interval field of the packet as it is leaving the switch. This process takes place at the operational speed of the port, and without introducing significant delay. Time-interval measurements can be made using a high-precision timestamp unit with a resolution of 1 ns. The total jitter introduced by this measurement process is just 4.5 ns through a single switch.</p>

Regulation and Control of Economic Value

2016 ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
M. R. Griffiths ◽  
J. R. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
And Control
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