BEAUVERIA BASSIANA CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFICACY GRASSHOPPER /ANGARACRIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Kh Otgonjargal ◽  
S Sugar ◽  
E Bazarragchaa ◽  
N Enkhbold ◽  
B Battur
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Local Strains ◽  
As Species ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Scar Primers

The B. bassiana is a fungus of manyarthropods, including more than 200 species of insects and acaridae. When spores of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate, enter the body, and grow inside, eventually killing the insect. Two local strains, including B. bassiana-G07, which was isolated from grasshopper Oedaleusasiaticus, died on natural infection, and B. bassiana-G10, which was isolated from grasshopper Caliptomus abbreviates, died of soil borne infection, were detected and it was identified as species B. bassiana by PCR. SCAR primers OPB9 F/R677 and OPA15 F/R441 was specific to of B. bassiana. The highest infection rate by B. bassiana-G07and mortality was observed in variants of both concentrations 2.1 x 108 conidia/ml, 2.1 x 109 conidia/ml; where mortality reached 86.3-100%.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 96-100

Effects of Ascogregarina culicis (Eugregarinorida: Lecudinidae) on Mosquito Size and Dengue Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panpim Thongsripong ◽  
Dawn M Wesson
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Dengue virus infection, transmitted via mosquito bites, poses a substantial risk to global public health. Studies suggest that the mosquito’s microbial community can profoundly influence vector-borne pathogen transmissions, including dengue virus. Ascogregarina culicis (Ross) of the phylum Apicomplexa is among the most common parasites of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the principal vector of dengue. Despite a high prevalence worldwide, including in the areas where dengue is endemic, the impact of A. culicis on Ae. aegypti vector competence for dengue virus is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of A. culicis infection on mosquito size and fitness, as measured by wing length, and the susceptibility to dengue virus infection in Ae. aegypti. Our results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in wing lengths between Ae. aegypti infected and not infected with A. culicis. Furthermore, A. culicis infection did not significantly affect dengue virus infection or disseminated infection rate. However, there was a significant association between shorter wings and higher dengue virus infection rate, whereby a 0.1-mm increase in wing length decreased the odds of the mosquito being infected by 32%. Thus, based on our result, A. culicis infection does not influence the body size and dengue virus infection in Ae. aegypti. This study helps to shed light on a common but neglected eukaryotic mosquito parasite.

A Study of the Sandfly Population in Endemic Foci of Infantile Kala-azar in Italy

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Adler ◽  
O. Theodor
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Kala Azar

The sandflies of the two largest Italian foci of visceral leishmaniasis, Naples and Catania, were studied.The following species were found : P. papatasii, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, P. vesuvianus, sp. n., P. parroti var. italicus var. n.P. papatasii and P. perniciosus are the commonest sandflies in the areas examined.Out of 1,547 ♀♀ dissected none showed a natural infection with Leishmania.P. papatasii was infected with Italian strains of L. infantum by feeding on cultures through membranes. The infection rate was low, but in contrast to Indian strains of L. donovani in the same sandfly, the infection once established did not die out.

scholarly journals Investigation on Prevalence of Sparganum mansoni Infection in Wild Frogs on Hainan Island of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruijia Fu ◽  
Pei Liang ◽  
Gang LU ◽  
Jinbao Gu ◽  
Dayong Wang
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
South China ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Open Wound ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Mainland Of China

Abstract Background: Sparganosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis, which is mainly caused by ingesting or open-wound contact of the frog flesh infected by Sparganum mansoni, or even by intake of the water contaminated by the parasite. The purpose of the study was to explore the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild frogs distributed throughout the Hainan Island, which is the largest island of the mainland of China and located at the northwest of the South China Sea, and to analyze the risk in local populations to suffer from sparganosis.Methods: From 2018 to 2020, wild frogs were collected from rural ponds, rivers and farmlands in different cities and counties throughout the Hainan Island. After weighing and marking of the frogs, the sparganums were examined and isolated. The sites of the parasite and the number of infections of each frog were recorded and analyzed by statistics analysis.Results: A total of 1556 of wild frogs were examined and isolated. 201 wild frogs were found to be infected by sparganum, and the natural infection rate of sparganum in wild frogs was 12.92% (201/1556). There were 612 sparganums found in the frogs, and the average was 3.04 per frog, while the highest infection rate of wild frogs was in Baoting, up to 32.93% (27/82). The infection rate of sparganum in wild frogs in the central region of Hainan Island is higher than other regions. Most sparganums were located in the hind legs of frog, and the number of the sparganum infection in the frogs was not related to the species and weight of the frogs.Conclusions: On Hainan Island, sparganum infection in wild frogs is relatively common, and constitutes a potential threat to human. Effective measures should be taken to control the incidence of sparganosis.

scholarly journals Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on different stages of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4 - Ahead of print) ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Maha Moustafa Ahmed ◽  
Heba Yehia Mady ◽  
Amira Hassan El Namaky
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Scanning Electron

The sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae), is the main vector of Leishmania major Yakimoff and Schokhor, 1914, the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis North Africa, the Middle East, and North Sinai. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fungi on P. papatasi larvae, pupae, and adults using light microscopic analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and histopathological studies. Specifically, larvae, pupae, and adult P. papatasi were infected with the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Scanning electron microscope and histopathological methods were used to investigate the destructive impact of the fungi on the external and internal structures of P. papatasi. The results revealed propagation of the conidia on the cuticles of all P. papatasi life stages, including on the compound eyes, leg setae, thorax, wings, and abdomen of the adults. Histological sections of the control and treated larvae, pupae, and adults showed many alterations and malformations in the body and tissues of all life stages after 72 h. These results demonstrated that B. bassiana was more effective than M. anisopliae as a biological control of phlebotomine sand flies. Further studies to determine the best methods for delivery and application in the diverse ecological settings of the various leishmaniasis vectors are recommended.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS NEMATODA ENTOMOPATOGEN Steinernema sp. PADA HAMA UTAMA BEBERAPA TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DAN HORTIKULTURA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
I G.A.A. INDRAYANI ◽  
A. A. AGRA GOTHAMA
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Spray Chamber ◽  
Local Strains ◽  
Lethal Time

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Nematoda  entomopatogen  Steinernema  sp.  telah  banyak<br />dimanfaatkan sebagai agens hayati untuk mengendalikan serangga hama di<br />luar negeri, namun di Indonesia masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian adalah<br />mengevaluasi efektivitas 3 strain Steinernema sp. lokal terhadap beberapa<br />hama utama tanaman perkebunan dan hortikultura. Penelitian ini dilakukan<br />di Laboratorium Entomologi dan Kebun Percobaan, Balai Penelitian<br />Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang, Jawa Timur, mulai April 2001<br />sampai Mei 2002. Tiga strain nematoda lokal, yaitu BT02, ML07, dan<br />AB05 diuji masing-masing pada konsentrasi 50; 100; 200; 400; dan 800<br />Juvenil infektif (JI)/ml dan satu kontrol (tanpa JI). Sembilan spesies<br />serangga hama yang diuji yaitu Helicoverpa armigera, dan Pectinophora<br />gossypiella (hama kapas), H. assulta dan Myzus persicae (tembakau),<br />Plutella xylostella, dan Crocidolomia binotalis (kubis), Spodoptera exigua<br />(bawang merah), Liriomyza sp. dan S. litura (bunga krisan). Setiap spesies<br />serangga mewakili satu unit pengujian. Setiap perlakuan dalam unit<br />disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat ulangan.<br />Aplikasi perlakuan dilakukan dengan metode vial, kultur sel, dan sumuran,<br />tergantung perilaku serangga uji dan menggunakan spray chamber. Di<br />laboratorium, parameter yang diamati adalah sublethal (LC 25 ) dan lethal<br />concentration (LC 50 ), sublethal and lethal time (LT), dan produksi JI. Di<br />lapang, hanya satu perlakuan tunggal yang digunakan yaitu LC 50 dari<br />setiap strain nematoda. Sebanyak masing-masing 20 inang serangga<br />dipajankan daun atau bagian tanaman yang telah disemprot dengan<br />suspensi nematoda di lapang, kemudian serangga uji diamati di<br />laboratorium hingga mati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga<br />strain nematoda menunjukkan efektif membunuh C. binotalis (BT02), P.<br />xylostella, M. persicae (ML07), dan P. gossypiella (AB05), tetapi kurang<br />efektif terhadap H. armigera (AB05), S. exigua dan S. litura (ML07), dan<br />Liriomyza sp. (BT02). Waktu efektif yang diperlukan nematoda untuk<br />membunuh inang (Lethal Time) pada ketiga strain berkisar antara 1-4 hari.<br />Selain efektif membunuh stadia larva, Steinernema sp. juga efektif<br />terhadap prepupa dan pupa.<br />Kata kunci : Tanaman  perkebunan,  hortikultura,  Steinernema  sp.,<br />Helicoverpa armigera, Pectinophora gossypiella, H.<br />assulta, Myzus persicae, Plutella xylostella, Crocidolomia<br />binotalis, Spodoptera exigua, S. litura, Liriomyza sp., juvenil<br />infektif, mortalitas</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematode Steiner-<br />nema sp. against major insect pests of plantation and<br />horticulture<br />Entomopathogenic nematode of family Steinernematidae is a<br />prospective agent for biological control of insect pests. It has been known<br />that many species of insects can be infected by nematode and sometimes<br />showed different levels of infection. Laboratory and field study on the<br />effectiveness of Steinernema sp. against major insect pests of plantation<br />and horticulture was carried out in Laboratory of Entomology and<br />Experimental Station of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops Research<br />Institute (IToFCRI), Malang, East Java. The objective was to find out the<br />effectiveness of three local strains of Steinernema sp. to any different<br />major of insect pests of plantation and horticulture. Three local strains of<br />nematode tested as BT02, ML07, and AB05 which each consist of five<br />level concentrations of IJ, viz. 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 IJ/ml and one<br />untreated with IJ as control were tested against nine species of insect, viz.<br />H. armigera, P. gossypiella (cotton), H. assulta and M. persicae (tobacco),<br />P. xylostella and C. binotalis (cabbage), S. exigua (red onion), Liriomyza<br />sp. and S. litura (chrysanthemum). Each species of insect was tested as<br />one unit of test and treated with the same level of concentration. Each<br />treatment in every unit of test was arranged in randomized complete<br />design with four replications. Application method of treatment used were<br />vial, cell culture plate, and well, depends on insect behaviour. Nematode<br />suspension was applied by using spray chamber. Parameters observed<br />were sublethal and lethal concentration, sublethal and lethal time and IJ<br />production. In field study, only one single treatment LC 50 was used to<br />observe the insect mortality. In this study, twenty of insect hosts were fed<br />on treated-sample leaves collected from the field and observed till death.<br />The result showed that all strains of Steinernema sp. were more<br />pathogenic and effective against C. binotallis (BT02), P. xylostella and M.<br />persicae (ML07), and P. gossypiella (AB05), but less pathogenic against<br />H. armigera (AB05), S. exigua and S. litura (ML07), and Liriomyza sp.<br />(BT02). Time needed (LT) to kill the insect host was ranged from one to<br />four days. Strains of nematode tested were not only effective against larvae<br />but also effective to kill prepupae and pupae of insect host.<br />Key words : Estate crops, horticulture, Steinernema sp., H. armigera, P.<br />gossypiella, H. assulta, M. persicae, P. xylostella, C.<br />binotalis, S. exigua, Liriomyza sp, S. litura, infective<br />juvenile, mortality</p>

scholarly journals Influence of epizootic categories of birds on germ resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (95) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
L. P. Livoschenko ◽  
E. M. Livoschenko
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Lymphoid Leukemia ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
The Status ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Overall Resistance

Non-plastic diseases are a problem both in medical and veterinary practice. The most common diseases in poultry caused by oncogenic viruses include lymphoid leukemia (LL) and Marek's disease (MD). A vaccine has been developed for HM. On breeds and lines of birds with high resistance to neoplasm, the vaccine is much better. It is possible to solve this problem by increasing the specific and overall resistance, by creating genetically disease-resistant lines and crosses of the bird. However, this requires some knowledge about the mechanism of disease resistance, the interaction of the pathogen with the body, ways to increase resistance, its correction, sensitivity of lines and hybrids to pathogens of the most common diseases. This requires criteria or markers that are indicators of the body's immunocompetence. The studies were performed on chickens of Leghorn D4 line and Poltava clay P37. The level of antibodies to leukemia-sarcoma complex (VLSC) viruses was determined in the neutralization reaction by a conventional method. As a viral material, a 30% suspension of tumors obtained from infected chickens with Raus sarcoma virus was used. The article presents data on the influence of epizootic categories of poultry on the resistance of embryos to oncornaviruses. For research, the bird by status with respect to antibodies to oncoviruses was divided into four categories: A+ the presence of antibodies; A- the absence of antibodies; B+ the presence of the virus; B- no virus. When selecting a resistant bird for neoplasm, only two categories A-B- and A+ B- are theoretically relevant. The possibility of obtaining offspring with or without antibodies, depending on the status of this phenomenon in his parents, was established. According to the data obtained in 60.0% of cases, the bird, free from neutralizing antibodies against HRV, can be obtained by mating cocks and chickens free of these antibodies. However, the absence of antibodies from parents cannot guarantee such in their offspring (approximately 40.0% were with antibodies). It may be that some of the offspring of the antibody-free bird do not have genetic resistance to infection and react with antibody production when in contact with the virus. If the chickens and roosters had antibodies, their offspring were only free from them in 31.3% of cases. These data, however, indicate that resistance to infection is inherited from offspring and from parents resistant to natural infection with oncoviruses, which makes it more likely to obtain resistant offspring (P < 0.01). There is also a pattern of getting families free of counteracting factors: they are more likely to get from chickens and cocks that have no antibodies. However, not always the absence of antibodies in roosters and chickens guaranteed the absence of antibodies in their offspring.

scholarly journals Investigation of natural infection by Leishmania in sandflies of Paraná State, Southern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regiane Bertin de Lima Scodro ◽  
Kárin Rosi Reinhold-Castro ◽  
Alessandra de Cassia Dias-Sversutti ◽  
Herintha Coeto Neitzke-Abreu ◽  
Norberto de Assis Membrive ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Endemic Areas

The purpose of this work was to verify the occurrence of Leishmania in naturally infected sandflies. The insects were collected with Falcão, Shannon and HP light-traps, in Doutor Camargo and Maringá municipalities between November 2004 and October 2005. Of the 11,033 sandflies collected in Doutor Camargo, 2,133 surviving females were dissected, particularly those of the Nyssomyia neivai species (86.87%). In Maringá, 136 sandflies were collected, of which 79 N. whitmani females and 1 Migonemyia migonei female were dissected. The dissected insects were identified and stored in the pools of 10 specimens. The PCR was carried out on 1,190 females of N. neivai and 190 of N. whitmani from Doutor Camargo, and on 30 of N. whitmani from Maringá, using the primers MP1L/MP3H. The natural infection by Leishmania in sandflies was not confirmed by either of the methods used. The results suggested the low natural infection rate of sandflies by Leishmania in these areas, corroborating other studies carried out in endemic areas of ACL.

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