scholarly journals Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-234
Author(s):  
Leonardo Silveira Conke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Strategic Theories ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second Period

In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.

scholarly journals Pillars of Technological Advancement and Indicators of Scientific Production of Industry 4.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-257
Author(s):  
Laudiceia Normando Souza ◽  
Teresinha Fonseca ◽  
Jandira Reis Vasconcelos ◽  
Cleide Ane Barbosa da Cruz ◽  
Ana Eleonora Almeida Paixão
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Industrial Productivity ◽  
New Research

From the first Industrial Revolution to Industry 4.0, technological advances have had a great influence on the increase in industrial productivity, highlighting characteristics such as the incorporation of information and productivity gains through the connection between University, Industry and Government, to measure the indices of scientific production and dissemination of knowledge, helping to develop the innovative potential of a nation, a quantitative and statistical technique called bibliometrics is used. In this context, this research proposes to identify the pillars of technological advancement and the indicators of scientific production in Industry 4.0. In order to verify the panorama of the exploration of the theme and to reach the objective of the research, quantitative and descriptive analysis was carried out with bibliometric procedures in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, from which 259 and 280 scientific articles were extracted respectively. The analysed data allowed the identification of pillars of technological advancement of Industry 4.0 and provided indicators of the quantity of articles published between 2013 and 2019, of countries with greater and less research prominence, and of quantitative distribution of publications by University. The results proved to be promising for the development of new research on this theme.

scholarly journals Telework: Legal regime before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-449
Author(s):  
Ilija Džamić
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Organization Of Work ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
And Control

With the onset of the industrial revolution in Europe performing work tasks by employees at the employer's premises became commonplace, both because of the needs of the process and organization of work and control of employees by the employer. Work from home, as a way of doing work outside the employer's premises, was almost abandoned. There was a slight increase in the number of workers teleworking at the end of the 20th century due to development of screen equipment, but a kind of revival of telework was experienced with the outbreak of the COVID-19. In such circumstances, telework is a way to preserve the source of income for workers. The paper analyses and critically discusses domestic and international standards of importance for the institute of telework, and the author presents proposals de lege ferenda to improve the mentioned area.

EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TEACHING TECHNICAL MEANS AT CENTRAL KINDERGARTEN PEDAGOGY COLLEGE IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vũ Xuân Hùng
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Creative Learning ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Technical Teaching

In the process of teaching, technical teaching facilities are both a content and a means of conveying information, they help the lecturer organize and control the students' cognitive activities, in addition, they also help students be interested in learning, practice practical skills from which to form active and creative learning methods. Teaching technology is one of the necessary conditions to help teachers carry out their related work of educating, teaching and bringing up, and intellectual development, arouse the inherent intelligence qualities of students. Currently, the management of technical teaching facilities at the Central Kindergartens College has been carried out on a regular basis and achieved certain results, but in fact, there are still many inadequacies. Finding a number of limitations in the management of teaching technical facilities, thereby proposing solutions to overcome those limitations, improve the efficiency of investment, preservation and use of teaching technical facilities in the trend of Industry Revolution 4.0, improving the quality of teaching at Central Kindergarten Pedagogy colleges in the current period is a very important and urgent task.

EAST INDIAN AND OTHER DOCKS IN LONDON: IMPERIAL ARCHITECTURE, COLONIAL TRADE AND POSTCOLONIAL MEMORY

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-205
Author(s):  
S. E. Sidorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Architectural Representation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Postcolonial History ◽  
The City

The article concentrates on the colonial and postcolonial history, architecture and topography of the southeastern areas of London, where on both banks of the River Thames in the 18th–20th centuries there were located the docks, which became an architectural and engineering response to the rapidly developing trade of England with territories in the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the world. Constructions for various purposes — pools for loading, unloading and repairing ships, piers, shipyards, office and warehouse premises, sites equipped with forges, carpenter’s workshops, shops, canteens, hotels — have radically changed the bank line of the Thames and appearance of the British capital, which has acquired the status of the center of a huge empire. Docks, which by the beginning of the 20th century, occupied an area of 21 hectares, were the seamy side of an imperial-colonial enterprise, a space of hard and routine work that had a specific architectural representation. It was a necessary part of the city intended for the exchange of goods, where the usual ideas about the beauty gave way to considerations of safety, functionality and economy. Not distinguished by architectural grace, chaotically built up, dirty, smoky and fetid, the area was one of the most significant symbols of England during the industrial revolution and colonial rule. The visual image of this greatness was strikingly different from the architectural samples of previous eras, forcing contemporaries to get used to the new industrial aesthetics. Having disappeared in the second half of the 20th century from the city map, they continue to retain a special place in the mental landscape of the city and the historical memory of the townspeople, which is reflected in the chain of museums located in this area that tell the history of English navigation, England’s participation in geographical discoveries, the stages of conquering the world, creating an empire and ways to acquire the wealth of the nation.

Focusing on India’s Look East Policy: India–China relationship from 1947 to 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110183
Author(s):  
Kaushik Roy
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
International System ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World

Before the onset of the industrial revolution, China and India were the two biggest powers in Eurasia. Their total population comprised almost half of the world’s population. And the GNP of premodern China was half of the combined GNP of the world. Before circa 1600 CE, most of the textiles and iron in the world were manufactured in these two countries. China and India suffered a temporary eclipse during the age of colonialism. However, with the rise of the economic and military power of China and India from the late 20th century, it seems that these two countries are bound to reclaim their traditional positions as big powers in the international system. However, there is a caveat. In the premodern era, the Himalayas prevented any intimate contact between the ‘dragon’ and the ‘elephant’. But, from the mid-20th century, advances in technology, economic competition and the annexation of Tibet by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) among other factors resulted in China and India coming into direct contact with each other. The result has been cooperation–competition–conflict. And this has had consequences not only for these two countries but for the whole world. The present article attempts to trace the troubled trajectory of India’s China policy from the late 1940s (when these two countries became independent) up to the present day.

Epidemics and History: Multiple Approaches to the Subject

2021 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Mikhel
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The problems of epidemics have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The history of epidemics has its own historiography, which dates to the physician Hippocrates and the historian Thucydides. Up to the 19th century, historians followed their ideas, but due to the progress in medical knowledge that began at that time, they almost lost interest in the problems of epidemics. In the early 20th century, due to the development of microbiology and epidemiology, a new form of the historiography of epidemics emerged: the natural history of diseases which was developed by microbiologists. At the same time, medical history was reborn, and its representatives saw their task as proving to physicians the usefulness of studying ancient medical texts. Among the representatives of the new generation of medical historians, authors who contributed to the development of the historiography of epidemics eventually emerged. By the end of the 20th century, they included many physician-enthusiasts. Since the 1970s, influenced by many factors, more and more professional historians, for whom the history of epidemics is an integral part of the history of society. The last quarter-century has also seen rapid growth in popular historiography of epidemics, made possible by the activation of various humanities researchers and journalists trying to make the history of epidemics more lively and emotional. A great influence on the spread of new approaches to the study of the history of epidemics is now being exerted by the media, focusing public attention on the new threats to human civilization in the form of modern epidemics.

Adoption of Innovation and Technological Advancement Deployment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karam Yateem ◽  
Mohammad Dabbous ◽  
Mohammad Kadem ◽  
Mohammed Khanferi
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Field Equipment ◽  
Well Completion

Abstract The main objective of the paper is to outline initiatives associated with leveraging creativity and innovation to sustain operational excellence. It will cover processes, applications and best practices toward continually leveraging creative and innovation such as the development of innovation team toward creating a collaborative environment in the generation, identification and development of ideas and new technological advancement deployment. The processes described will cover (1) the continuous monitoring and management update of innovation submissions, implementation and self-development course completion, (2) recognition for value addition resultant from technological deployment, (3) Technical Review Committee (TRC) centralization and streamlining of evaluating technologies and best practices, (4) the assignment of challenging targets and (5) the initiation of special innovation campaigns for pressing and challenging matters has resulted in various major accomplishments. The establishment of the 4th Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) team to address production engineering and well services challenges and collaborate for articulate, smart, more efficient and effective resolutions, process improvements and decision making. The results were remarkable with an incremental increase into intent to submit a patent file consideration, patenting, technology deployment and production of technical manuscripts addressing the unique achievements as well as the submission of awards applications. Technical collaboration toward triggering resolutions to ongoing operational challenges has resulted in various internal in-house built strides of best practices and other collaborative initiatives with other services providers such as: Intelligent Field Equipment Industrial Professionals Training: Special training for intelligent field equipment associated with smart well completion (SWC) exercising and optimization, data retrieval from multiphase flow meters (MPFMs) as well as a permanent downhole monitoring system (PDHMS) and conducting basic preventative maintenance (PM) requirements. Multiphase Flow Metering (MPFM) Advanced Monitoring System: An in-house developed MPFM system advanced monitoring to enable production/Intelligent Field engineers to monitor and diagnose MPFMs healthiness in all fields. It includes a validation mechanism to monitor and verify the different MPFM diagnostic data, alarming mechanism, flow rates and data visualization tools to verify the health of the installed base of equipment toward higher testing efficiency, reduction of manpower exposure to the field, and cost avoidance through minimizing operational logistical arrangements and minimization of unnecessary field visits by service providers. The ultimate intent is to heavily depend upon all employees to successfully propose solutions, and subject matter experts to coach employees in the successful implementation of practical resolutions to improve operations, optimize cost, and enhance employees’ satisfaction and engagement.

Beyond technological determinism: revitalising labour process analyses of technology, capital and labour

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-159
Author(s):  
Paul Thompson ◽  
Knut Laaser
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Call Centre ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Critical Commentary

Technological determinism is a recurrent feature in debates concerning changes in economy and work and has resurfaced sharply in the discourse around the ‘fourth industrial revolution’. While a number of authors have, in recent years, critiqued the trend, this article is distinctive in arguing that foundational labour process analysis provides the most effective source of an alternative understanding of the relations between political economy, science, technology and work relations. The article refines and reframes this analysis, through an engagement with critical commentary and research, developing the idea of a political materialist approach that can reveal the various influences on, sources of contestation and levels of strategic choices that are open to economic actors. A distinction is made between ‘first order’ choices, often about adoption at aggregate level and ‘second order’ choices mainly concerned with complex issues of deployment. This framework is then applied to the analysis of case studies of the call centre labour process and digital labour platform, functioning as illustrative scenarios. It is argued that the nature of techno-economic systems in the ‘digital era’ open up greater opportunities for contestation.

Die siening van die Griekse tragedie by Aristophanes

Literator ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
P. J. Conradie
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Moral Influence ◽  
Literary Discussions

This article attempts to prove that the literary contest in Aristophanes’ Frogs is important as a reflection of contemporary literary discussions. A survey is given of the different aspects of Greek tragedy which are discussed and of the various and contradictory opinions which are expressed. The latter are not necessarily those of Aristophanes himself. In the 5th century B.C. the Greeks seem to have been mainly concerned with questions of style and with the moral influence of tragedy. With reference to the question of how much importance should be ascribed to the comic treatment of literary' matters, the view is put forward that The Frogs contains an exposition of genuine convictions about art. The parallel of Sheridan’s play The Critic confirms this conclusion. The present interpretation of Aristophanes is corroborated by the great influence The Frogs had on criticism right up to the 20th century.

scholarly journals Candlenut Business Development Strategy (Aleurites mollucana L.Wild) in KPHL Selayar

2021 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Andi Sartina Ningsih ◽  
Baharuddi n ◽  
Daud Malamassam
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Forest Product ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
A Value ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The Right ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The use of candlenut (Aleurites Mollucana., L. Wild) as a non-timber forest product is expected to be a excellent product in the KPHL of Selayar in line with the designation of the area as a Protected Forest Management Unit (KPHL). Candlenut is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) which has great economic potential, but in the management of the candlenut business in the KPHL Selayar has not been able to be optimally developed as the scale of the use of candlenut remain low and the business model conducted appears to be traditional. The study aimed to analyze and identify internal and external factors in formulating the right strategic priorities in the development of the candlenut business at KPHL Selayar. The method employed was a combination of SWOT and AHP by describing internal and external factors, then tabulating it so that it would formulate a priority of strategic choices. The results showed that among the four SWOT groups namely Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) which became the priority of the SWOT group which had a great influence on the development of the candlenut business, the Strength (S) group with a value of 10.55. Based on the formulated results of the candlenut business development strategy, it was concluded that the priority strategy to be implemented was the S-O 3 strategy, namely increasing the candlenut business collaboration to expand the marketing network with a priority value of 0.107.

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