scholarly journals Model for assessment of external transport costs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Krakutovski ◽  
Darko Moslavac ◽  
Darko Spiroski ◽  
Aleksandar Glavinov
Keyword(s):  
Market Analysis ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
External Costs ◽  
External Effect ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Major Difficulty ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Eu Studies

The term "external effect" can be explain as a condition that occurs when production or consumption activities of an entity affect the welfare of other(s) subject(s) without having to pay compensation for that impact. The major difficulty for determining external costs is that they cannot be confirmed through the application of market laws and well-known market analysis with interactive effects of demand and supply. The transport greatly affects the quality of life of people, flora and fauna. The interest of studying transport externalities is objective of several researches and special attention is given to how reduce these negative externalities of transport in practice. This paper considers the external transport costs, their significance and their monetary values estimated in relevant EU studies. The methodology for estimating external transport costs as well as specification of a model for assessment of these costs in Republic of North Macedonia is also shown in this paper. The results obtained by this model are discussed and commented.

scholarly journals Implementation of a performance-based financing scheme in Malawi and resulting externalities on the quality of care of non-incentivized services

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Brenner ◽  
Caterina Favaretti ◽  
Julia Lohmann ◽  
Jobiba Chinkhumba ◽  
Adamson S. Muula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Performance Based Financing ◽  
A Performance

Abstract Background Countries in Africa progressively implement performance-based financing schemes to improve the quality of care provided by maternal, newborn and child health services. Beyond its direct effects on service provision, evidence suggests that performance-based financing can also generate positive externalities on service utilization, such as increased use of those services that reached higher quality standards after effective scheme implementation. Little, however, is known about externalities generated within non-incentivized health services, such as positive or negative effects on the quality of services within the continuum of maternal care. Methods We explored whether a performance-based financing scheme in Malawi designed to improve the quality of childbirth service provision resulted positive or negative externalities on the quality of non-targeted antenatal care provision. This non-randomized controlled pre-post-test study followed the phased enrolment of facilities into a performance-based financing scheme across four districts over a two-year period. Effects of the scheme were assessed by various composite scores measuring facilities’ readiness to provide quality antenatal care, as well as the quality of screening, prevention, and education processes offered during observed antenatal care consultations. Results Our study did not identify any statistically significant effects on the quality of ANC provision attributable to the implemented performance-based financing scheme. Our findings therefore suggest not only the absence of positive externalities, but also the absence of any negative externalities generated within antenatal care service provision as a result of the scheme implementation in Malawi. Conclusions Prior research has shown that the Malawian performance-based financing scheme was sufficiently effective to improve the quality of incentivized childbirth service provision. Our findings further indicate that scheme implementation did not affect the quality of non-incentivized but clinically related antenatal care services. While no positive externalities could be identified, we also did not observe any negative externalities attributable to the scheme’s implementation. While performance-based incentives might be successful in improving targeted health care processes, they have limited potential in producing externalities – neither positive nor negative – on the provision quality of related non-incentivized services.

Managerial Economics – Family Medicine Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ecler Jaqua ◽  
Terry Jaqua ◽  
Van Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Family Medicine ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Us ◽  
Managerial Economics

Supply and demand are amongst the essential requirements before starting up a business. Understanding the quantity of a commodity wished to be sold by producers based on different prices and the item needed by consumers wish purchasing is essential in coming up with ideas. Based on the understanding of this and background research on costs in healthcare, specifically family medicine, it is found that healthcare is amongst the essential requirements, and thus the critical focus of the business idea in a physician’s practice focusing on family medicine care in the US. Starting up the business is based on healthcare demands in the market and further the pricing strategy utilized by most family medicine clinics. Through a connection to the business based on visits in hospitals and the quality offered by these service providers, it is noted that the demand is high and is the most expensive sector in the world, but care is ineffective (The Peterson Center on Healthcare, n.d.) thus leading to searching for effective alternatives by consumers. This creates a potential for offering the most effective services to cater to the demands, and as noted by the Peterson Center on Healthcare (n.d.), the US healthcare system is the most expensive, and costs are projected to grow dramatically in the coming years thus creating the most significant business opportunity to entrepreneurs. By adjusting the resources and trying to cater to the demand in various locations, the key idea is to cater to the need and profit from the sector. The concern of gaining information in the market is research on different healthcare websites and the prices offered and the quality of their services. This will aid in adjusting the prices effectively and thus retaining the demand and supply chain.

How swachh (clean) is urban India today?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhitush Lutra ◽  
◽  
Deepa Karthykeyan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Sachet Water

Where public supply has failed and made unsatisfactory progress in supplying drinking water, the private sector has readily stepped in to supply citizens with drinking water – most often to make big money. Much of the water bottling industry (i) provides a highly inelastic good, (ii) is immensely profitable and (iii) has significant negative externalities on public utilities, the natural environment and the quality of life in urban settings. The wide-spread introduction of a tax on the commercial water extraction and/or bottled or sachet water is ripe. The new mantra must not be “3Rs”, but “4Rs” – reduce, reuse, remunerate, recycle.

scholarly journals КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ПЕРЕРАБОТАННОЙ ПЛОДООВОЩНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Н. Р. Асадуллина
Keyword(s):  
Practical Significance ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
The Cost

Formulation of the problem. The article reflects the assessment of the competitiveness of processed fruit and vegetable products, the qualitative characteristics of fruit and vegetable products are substantiated, as well as the parameters of the degree of consistency of expert opinions based on the calculation of the concordance coefficient. The purpose of the research is to reflect and characterize existing methods of integrated assessment of the competitiveness of processed fruit and vegetable products. The object of research – the process of determining the quality of products produced, as well as the competitiveness of processed fruit and vegetable products. The methods used in the research – logical, comparative, analytical, scientific and methodological. The hypothesis of the research is to assume the dependence of the competitiveness of processed fruit and vegetable products and its sales volumes. The statement of basic materials. The buyer prefers products depending on the purpose and use of this product. In the course of further processing, the buyer pays attention to the volume of packaging, the suitability of the packaging for the content of the product in it, the maximum time for the storage of products. The article suggests such indicators of quality of processed fruit and vegetable production: biochemical composition of products; packaging of products; design and design of products; appearance and consistency; terms of product suitability; cost of production per kilogram of production. The originality and practical significance of the research is that the author substantiates the degree of influence of the proposed indicators on competitiveness on the basis of expert assessments. The number of points is determined depending on the number of factors considered. The degree of consensus of expert opinions is established on the basis of calculating the coefficient of concordation. Conclusions of the research. In the process of packaging the product and its production must take into account the directions of its use. For further industrial consumption, processed fruit and vegetable products can be made with a higher content of dry soluble substances, vitamins, sugars, and acidity. This will save on the cost of packaging, transport costs, and handling operations.

A Shortage of Neurologists — We Must Act Now: A Report From the AAN 2019 Transforming Leaders Program

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012111
Author(s):  
Jennifer Juhl Majersik ◽  
Aiesha Ahmed ◽  
I-Hweii Amy Chen ◽  
Holly Shill ◽  
Gregory P. Hanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
High Level ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology

In nearly every US state today, a large mismatch exists between the need for neurologists and neurological services and the availability of neurologists to provide these services. Patients with neurologic disorders are rising in prevalence and require access to high level care to reduce disability. The current neurology mismatch reduces access to care, worsens patient outcomes, and erodes career satisfaction and quality of life for neurologists as they face increasingly insurmountable demands. As a community, we must address this mismatch in the demand and supply of neurological care in an aggressive and sustained manner to ensure the future health of our patients and our specialty. The American Academy of Neurology has multiple ongoing initiatives to help reduce and resolve the existing mismatch. With the intent of raising awareness and widening the debate nationally, we present a strategic plan that the Academy could implement to coordinate and expand existing efforts. We characterize the suggested strategies as: shaping the demand, enhancing the workforce, and advocating for neurologist value. The proposed framework is based on available data and expert opinion when data were lacking. Prioritization of strategies will vary by geography, practice setting, and local resources. We believe the time to act is now, to allow concerted effort and targeted interventions to avert this looming public health crisis.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Genotype and Molybdenum Supply on Yield and Overall Fruit Quality of Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Sabatino ◽  
Fabio D'Anna ◽  
Giovanni Iapichino ◽  
Alessandra Moncada ◽  
Eleonora D'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Interactive Effects

The interactive effects of novel food flavours and food composition on the diet selection of sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
G. Arsenos ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Selection Of

Animals have predispositions towards the organoleptic properties, such as flavours, of the foods available to them. These predispositions can influence the feeding behaviour and diet selection of animals and prevent from, or enable them to select a diet that meets their nutrient requirements, in both short - and longer - run (Forbes and Kyriazakis, 1995). In this experiment, we investigated whether predispositions of sheep for novel food flavours could affect their diet selection when offered a choice between two foods with different nutrient content. The specific hypotheses tested were that such predispositions are: (i ) influenced by the nutritional quality of the food that are associated with, and (ii) affected by the current nutritional state of the animal.

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