scholarly journals Dependence of design hourly volume on the function and nature of traffic demand of rural roads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lovrić ◽  
Boris Čutura ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Antonino Canale ◽  
Marko Renčelj
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
K Factor ◽  
Design Documentation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Design Hourly Volume

In the first phases of study and design documentation of rural roads, one of the key parameters to determine in the analyses is the Design Hourly Volume (DHV). The required level of service and the feasibility of the project depend to a large extent on a properly established DHV. Essentially, the problem is to determine the value of the K-factor for a certain nth highest hour of the year. This paper points to the need for additional analysis of existing databases of long-term automatic traffic counting, from which the necessary guidance for planners and designers can be derived, enabling them to understand and apply the K-factors in a clearer and more detailed way. Using specific data examples, characteristic sections of rural roads with different functions and types (seasonal variations) of traffic demand were selected to show significant differences in the values of the K-factors for the same selected nth highest hour of the year. Several guidelines (BiH, Slovenia, Croatia, Italy, Serbia) were analysed beforehand to get a better understanding of how the K-factor or DHV is explained and used in different countries. The main objective of the article is to show that, on the basis of the existing databases of continuous automatic counting in these countries, with additional analyses presented in this paper or in a similar form, significant regularities in determining the DHV can be achieved, eliminating difficulties of application in engineering practice. As all guidelines practically recommend the use of HCM in capacity analyses, specific examples are selected to show the difference between the definition of HCM for a route with dominant recreational traffic and our route with dominant tourist traffic (recreational versus tourist).

scholarly journals Have precipitation extremes and annual totals been increasing in the world's dry regions over the last 60 years?

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 441-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Sippel ◽  
Jakob Zscheischler ◽  
Martin Heimann ◽  
Holger Lange ◽  
Miguel D. Mahecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Precipitation Characteristics ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Abstract. Daily precipitation extremes and annual totals have increased in large parts of the global land area over the past decades. These observations are consistent with theoretical considerations of a warming climate. However, until recently these trends have not been shown to consistently affect dry regions over land. A recent study, published by Donat et al. (2016), now identified significant increases in annual-maximum daily extreme precipitation (Rx1d) and annual precipitation totals (PRCPTOT) in dry regions. Here, we revisit the applied methods and explore the sensitivity of changes in precipitation extremes and annual totals to alternative choices of defining a dry region (i.e. in terms of aridity as opposed to precipitation characteristics alone). We find that (a) statistical artifacts introduced by data pre-processing based on a time-invariant reference period lead to an overestimation of the reported trends by up to 40 %, and that (b) the reported trends of globally aggregated extremes and annual totals are highly sensitive to the definition of a dry region of the globe. For example, using the same observational dataset, accounting for the statistical artifacts, and based on different aridity-based dryness definitions, we find a reduction in the positive trend of Rx1d from the originally reported +1.6 % decade−1 to +0.2 to +0.9 % decade−1 (period changes for 1981–2010 averages relative to 1951–1980 are reduced to −1.32 to +0.97 % as opposed to +4.85 % in the original study). If we include additional but less homogenized data to cover larger regions, the global trend increases slightly (Rx1d: +0.4 to +1.1 % decade−1), and in this case we can indeed confirm (partly) significant increases in Rx1d. However, these globally aggregated estimates remain uncertain as considerable gaps in long-term observations in the Earth's arid and semi-arid regions remain. In summary, adequate data pre-processing and accounting for uncertainties regarding the definition of dryness are crucial to the quantification of spatially aggregated trends in precipitation extremes in the world's dry regions. In view of the high relevance of the question to many potentially affected stakeholders, we call for a well-reflected choice of specific data processing methods and the inclusion of alternative dryness definitions to guarantee that communicated results related to climate change be robust.

scholarly journals Robotic Hybrid Coronary Revascularization - a need for strategy specific data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Narayan ◽  
Gianni Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Surgical Revascularization ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Surgical Incisions ◽  
Hybrid Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Definition Of

Robotic totally endoscopic techniques to perform the LITA to LAD graft, coupled with PCI, provides the least invasive option to achieve hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR). Shorter hospital stay and reduced need for blood transfusions have been consistently being reported by several studies along with similar long-term outcomes. Considerable variations exist in the definition of HCR which can be single or two-staged with surgical revascularization being carried out after PCI or vice versa. Variations also exist with respect to usage of cardiopulmonary bypass, surgical incisions, and use of minimally invasive robotic techniques. The different strategies of HCR do not lead to similar outcomes and the findings of one strategy cannot be extrapolated to the entire group. Studies reporting different strategies of HCR, should ideally provide more granular data when reporting outcomes.

scholarly journals Engineering and Humanities (E and H)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Haoxuan Yu ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Xinmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Engineering Knowledge ◽  
Definition Of

In our long-term engineering practice, we have found that it is often not enough to use only engineering knowledge to solve the practical problems in the engineering. Therefore, we believe that in the education of engineering students, we should not only pay attention to the teaching of engineering knowledge, but also pay attention to the application of knowledge of Humanities in the engineering, for the students. In this two-part commentary, we put forward the definition of Engineering & Humanities (E&H), which we will carry forward on the direction of research in future.

scholarly journals To a question of definition of deformation of frosty heaving of soil of road designs by different methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shorin ◽  
George Kaga ◽  
Anatoly Velsovsky
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Frost Heaving ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Term Field ◽  
Initial Characteristic

The article notes the relevance of the issues of ensuring frost resistance of structures, including road, in connection with the almost universal spread of the phenomenon of frost heaving in the territory of the Russian Federation. The question of known methods for determining the calculated characteristics of frost heaving of the soil, which is the initial characteristic of the calculation of structures for frost resistance, is considered. These methods include the standard method, the method VGU in two variants and the method ROSDORNII Institute. These methods are presented in the form of a flowchart with a detailed description of the individual blocks. The shortcomings of the normative method, which lead in some cases to unacceptable errors for engineering practice, are noted. The VGU method in the first embodiment is based only on the use of laboratory test data and plotting the intensity of frost heaving. In the second variant of the VGU method, the character of the intensity plot is taken on the basis of data from long-term field tests.

Pharmacologic Modification of Transperitoneal Movement of Water

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja E. Grzegorzewska
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
Peritoneal Surface ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents

Investigations concerning the influence of pharmacologic agents on transperitoneal water movement are predominantly undertaken in the hope that their results can help in a restoration of net ultrafiltration (UF) volume toward normal in cases with declining UF during long-term dialysis treatment. Net UF volume represents the difference between net transcapillary UF and lymphatic absorption. The choice of a pharmacological agent for enhancing UF depends on the mechanisms responsible for net UF loss, which include: (a) early dissipation of the transperitoneal osmotic gradient; (b) decrease in the peritoneal surface area; (c) Iymphomonokine overproduction; (d) enhanced lymphatic absorption; (e) high residual volumes left in the peritoneal cavity; or (f) a combination of these factors. Leakage of dialysate to the abdominal wall sometimes occurring in peritoneally dialysed patients (1), according to a definition of net UF volume, cannot be regarded as a true UF loss.

scholarly journals GRAPHIC METHOD ADVANTAGES OF DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL GLAZING ­INSOLATION COEFFICIENT

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey K. Klochko ◽  
Asmik R. Klochko
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
True Value ◽  
Definition Of

Introduction. One of components of the required power of the ventilation and air conditioning system of the room during the warm and transitional periods there are heat gains from solar radiation therefore reliable determination of insolation coefficient of a vertical protection is important in engineering practice. Definition of heat gains from solar radiation is required also when calculating the power passport of the building which is carried out according to the regulation 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings. Revised edition Construction Norms and Regulations 23-02-2003. Object of this work research is the insolation coefficient for vertical glazing, heat gains from solar radiation during the warm and transitional periods of year. The purpose to develop recommendations about specification of insolation coefficient by graphic methods when calculating heat gains from solar radiation is set. Materials and methods. In work approaches graphic and analytical (trigonometrical dependences) used and also data of long-term observations of climatic parameters are applied. Results. The existing methods of definition of heat gains from solar radiation show high efficiency in practice of engineering calculations, however specification of value of insolation coefficient is required. Conclusions. When determining heat gains from solar radiation it is necessary to carry out after application of the existing methods of engineering calculations an inspection of true value of insolation coefficient for checkout time taking into account the area surrounding buildings and designs of the wall panel in which the window is installed.

scholarly journals THE FACTOR OF TRAVEL JOURNALISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Bezuliy ◽  
Igor Riabov ◽  
Viktoriia Busel
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Relation ◽  
Promising Practices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Background Image

Informatization of society provides new tools for intensifying tourism activities, forming the motives of the population to travel and promoting tourism brands. One of the tools is travel journalism, which helps to transform impressions into information. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism and justify the introduction of its most promising practices. The methodology of the article uses methods of classification of journalistic publications and magazines on tourism, the method of comparing advertising and “public relations”, a descriptive method to reveal the content of types of texts and genres of television travel journalism. The influence of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism has been studied. The content of publications of information and reference nature, publications with promotional properties, cognitive-oriented, problem-analytical materials is revealed. It is recognized that informative publications help to inform the general public about tourist facilities and services that were not previously known to the consumer. It is proposed to use promotional publications as a tool for implementing short-term tasks. The effectiveness of the use of cognitive-oriented texts as a tool for forming long-term incentives for tourist activity of consumers is substantiated. It is recognized that problem-oriented materials are intended for a narrow audience of professionals and contribute to the coverage of professional problems. The difference between advertising and “public relation” is investigated. It is determined that the toolkit “public relation” is used as a strategic lever to promote the tourist organization. The definition of PR-text is given, its main features are given, and the classification of PR-texts for use in tourist activity is offered. The most commonly used types of PR-texts in tourism are given. The genres of travel journalism are studied. It is determined that in travel journalism the most common forms of information presentation such as reporting, travel essay, recommendation. The peculiarities of the use of such PR-texts in tourism as by-light, background, image and review articles, case history, newsletter, press release are revealed. Characteristic features of such texts are given. Examples of user, specialized, professional and on-board publications in the Ukrainian mass media are given. It is substantiated that visual content is better perceived by consumers of tourist services. Examples of popular foreign and Ukrainian travel programs are given. The practical value of the article is to develop recommendations for the implementation of the most promising travel practices.

Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass.

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Barrie J. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
District Council ◽  
Definition Of

A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

A Problem of Long - Term Digital Preservation: Difference in Humanities and Natural Sciences

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Elena Macevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Digital Documents ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Technological Science

The article deals with the requirements and needs for long-term digital preservation in different areas of scholarly work. The concept of long-term digital preservation is introduced by comparing it to digitization and archiving concepts and defined with the emphasis on dynamic activity within a certain time line. The structure of digital preservation is presented with regard to the elements of the activity as understood in Activity Theory. The life-cycle of digitization processes forms the basis of the main processing of preserved data in preservation archival system.The author draws on the differences between humanities and social sciences on one hand and natural and technological science on the other. The empirical data characterizing the needs for digital preservation within different areas of scholarship are presented and show the difference in approaches to long-term digital preservation, as well as differences in selecting the items and implementing the projects of digital preservation. Institutions and organizations can also develop different understanding of preservation requirements for digital documents and other objects.The final part of the paper is devoted to some general problems pertaining to the longterm digital preservation with the emphasis of the responsibility for the whole process of safe-guarding the cultural and scholarly heritage for the re-use of the posterior generations. It is suggested that the longevity of the libraries in comparison with much shorter life-span of private companies strengthens the claim of memory institutions to playing the central role in the long-term digital preservation.

The Distinction between [P] and [S]

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen Strawson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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