Pharmacologic Modification of Transperitoneal Movement of Water

Investigations concerning the influence of pharmacologic agents on transperitoneal water movement are predominantly undertaken in the hope that their results can help in a restoration of net ultrafiltration (UF) volume toward normal in cases with declining UF during long-term dialysis treatment. Net UF volume represents the difference between net transcapillary UF and lymphatic absorption. The choice of a pharmacological agent for enhancing UF depends on the mechanisms responsible for net UF loss, which include: (a) early dissipation of the transperitoneal osmotic gradient; (b) decrease in the peritoneal surface area; (c) Iymphomonokine overproduction; (d) enhanced lymphatic absorption; (e) high residual volumes left in the peritoneal cavity; or (f) a combination of these factors. Leakage of dialysate to the abdominal wall sometimes occurring in peritoneally dialysed patients (1), according to a definition of net UF volume, cannot be regarded as a true UF loss.

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Relationships between abdominal and diaphragmatic volume displacements

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.565 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 565-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. Knight ◽

W. M. Petroll ◽

D. F. Rochester

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Wall ◽

Geometric Model ◽

Diaphragm Muscle ◽

Rib Cage ◽

Peritoneal Surface ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Measured Volume ◽

Volume Difference

We investigated the relationship between the volumes displaced by the diaphragm and the abdominal wall during spontaneous breathing in supine anesthetized dogs. Diaphragmatic volume displacement (Vdi) was calculated from measurements taken from anteroposterior fluoroscopic images employing a previously described geometric model. The volume displacement of the abdominal wall (Vabd) was measured with a calibrated Respitrace. Shortening of single diaphragm muscle bundles in costal and crural regions was measured as the distance between radiopaque beads sutured to the peritoneal surface of the muscle. We found that Vdi always exceeded Vabd, but Vabd/Vdi was larger in animals in which the abdominal wall was more compliant. In this preparation, Vdi is better correlated with costal than with crural shortening. Vabd did not correlate with either costal or crural shortening. We infer that the difference between Vdi and Vabd reflects the volume displacement of the lower rib cage caused by diaphragm contraction. This volume difference was tightly correlated with costal shortening. We conclude from these data that coupling between Vdi and Vabd is influenced by the relative compliances of the chest wall and abdomen. Shortening of regions of the diaphragm may have variable relationships to the measured volume displacement, but costal shortening is intimately related to expansion of the lower rib cage.

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Fetal fluid responses to long-term 5 M NaCl infusion: where does all the salt go?

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.r412 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 261 (2) ◽

pp. R412-R419 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. L. Powell ◽

R. A. Brace

Keyword(s):

Capillary Permeability ◽

Water Movement ◽

Allantoic Fluid ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Osmotic Gradient ◽

Concentration Gradients ◽

Fetal Sheep ◽

Fetal Plasma

The fetus must obtain Na and Cl ions in order to grow. However, the regulation of electrolyte acquisition by the fetus is not well understood. To explore fetal electrolyte balance, we intravenously infused 5 M NaCl at a rate equal to 80% of the total fetal body Na+ and Cl- content per day (240 mM/day) for 3 days into late-gestation fetal sheep. We hypothesized that the increase in fetal osmolality resulting from the infusion would cause a transplacental water movement into the fetal compartment, leading to hydrops fetalis and/or polyhydramnios. The fetal-to-maternal osmotic gradient was initially -2.8 +/- 0.9 (SE) mosmol/kgH2O and rose by 4.8 +/- 1.8 mosmol/kgH2O during the infusion. Fetal plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] increased (3.0 +/- 0.4 and 5.5 +/- 0.5 meq/l, respectively), but the normal maternal-to-fetal transplacental concentration gradients for these ions were not reversed. Most of the infused Na+ (92 +/- 14%) and Cl- (82 +/- 12%) was excreted by the fetus in large volumes of hypotonic urine. Amniotic fluid osmolality and [Na+] were unchanged, but amniotic [Cl-] increased 5.7 +/- 2.4 meq/l. The amniotic plus allantoic fluid volume, as estimated by ultrasonography, was increased (43.5 +/- 14.5%) at day 2 and returned to control by day 3 of infusion. There was no fetal edema during the study or at autopsy. In light of these results, we propose a novel and somewhat complex mechanism for transplacental fluid and electrolyte movement in which placental capillary permeability increases along the length of the capillary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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THE FACTOR OF TRAVEL JOURNALISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

Market Infrastructure ◽

10.32843/infrastruct59-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Igor Bezuliy ◽

Igor Riabov ◽

Viktoriia Busel

Keyword(s):

Public Relations ◽

Public Relation ◽

Promising Practices ◽

The Difference ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Impact ◽

Background Image

Informatization of society provides new tools for intensifying tourism activities, forming the motives of the population to travel and promoting tourism brands. One of the tools is travel journalism, which helps to transform impressions into information. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism and justify the introduction of its most promising practices. The methodology of the article uses methods of classification of journalistic publications and magazines on tourism, the method of comparing advertising and “public relations”, a descriptive method to reveal the content of types of texts and genres of television travel journalism. The influence of travel journalism on the intensification of tourism has been studied. The content of publications of information and reference nature, publications with promotional properties, cognitive-oriented, problem-analytical materials is revealed. It is recognized that informative publications help to inform the general public about tourist facilities and services that were not previously known to the consumer. It is proposed to use promotional publications as a tool for implementing short-term tasks. The effectiveness of the use of cognitive-oriented texts as a tool for forming long-term incentives for tourist activity of consumers is substantiated. It is recognized that problem-oriented materials are intended for a narrow audience of professionals and contribute to the coverage of professional problems. The difference between advertising and “public relation” is investigated. It is determined that the toolkit “public relation” is used as a strategic lever to promote the tourist organization. The definition of PR-text is given, its main features are given, and the classification of PR-texts for use in tourist activity is offered. The most commonly used types of PR-texts in tourism are given. The genres of travel journalism are studied. It is determined that in travel journalism the most common forms of information presentation such as reporting, travel essay, recommendation. The peculiarities of the use of such PR-texts in tourism as by-light, background, image and review articles, case history, newsletter, press release are revealed. Characteristic features of such texts are given. Examples of user, specialized, professional and on-board publications in the Ukrainian mass media are given. It is substantiated that visual content is better perceived by consumers of tourist services. Examples of popular foreign and Ukrainian travel programs are given. The practical value of the article is to develop recommendations for the implementation of the most promising travel practices.

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Dependence of design hourly volume on the function and nature of traffic demand of rural roads

10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1320 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan Lovrić ◽

Boris Čutura ◽

Tiziana Campisi ◽

Antonino Canale ◽

Marko Renčelj

Keyword(s):

Engineering Practice ◽

Rural Roads ◽

Specific Data ◽

Traffic Demand ◽

K Factor ◽

Design Documentation ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Design Hourly Volume

In the first phases of study and design documentation of rural roads, one of the key parameters to determine in the analyses is the Design Hourly Volume (DHV). The required level of service and the feasibility of the project depend to a large extent on a properly established DHV. Essentially, the problem is to determine the value of the K-factor for a certain nth highest hour of the year. This paper points to the need for additional analysis of existing databases of long-term automatic traffic counting, from which the necessary guidance for planners and designers can be derived, enabling them to understand and apply the K-factors in a clearer and more detailed way. Using specific data examples, characteristic sections of rural roads with different functions and types (seasonal variations) of traffic demand were selected to show significant differences in the values of the K-factors for the same selected nth highest hour of the year. Several guidelines (BiH, Slovenia, Croatia, Italy, Serbia) were analysed beforehand to get a better understanding of how the K-factor or DHV is explained and used in different countries. The main objective of the article is to show that, on the basis of the existing databases of continuous automatic counting in these countries, with additional analyses presented in this paper or in a similar form, significant regularities in determining the DHV can be achieved, eliminating difficulties of application in engineering practice. As all guidelines practically recommend the use of HCM in capacity analyses, specific examples are selected to show the difference between the definition of HCM for a route with dominant recreational traffic and our route with dominant tourist traffic (recreational versus tourist).

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Enhanced Ultrafiltration in Rabbits with Bicarbonate Glycylglycine Peritoneal Dialysis Solution

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686089301300407 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 302-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Hippocrates Yatzidis

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Buffering Capacity ◽

Osmotic Gradient ◽

Initial Value ◽

Lymphatic Absorption ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Dialysis Solution ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis Solution ◽

The Difference

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate net ultrafiltration (NUF) with a new bicarbonate glycylglycine (BiGG) peritoneal dialysis solution compared to the standard lactate (La) solution. Design In six groups of 12 normal rabbits each we measured NUF after a 2-,4-, and 6–hour peritoneal dialysis with a BiGG solution (pH 7.35) and a standard La solution (pH 5.5) of similar glucose, electrolyte, and osmolality formulation. Furthermore, we studied the phosphatidylcholine concentration in the effluent of the two solutions. Results NUF volume was significantly greater with the BiGG rather than with the La solution by approximately 15% (p<0.05), 30% (p<0.01), and 40% (p<0.005) at 2,4, and 6 hours, respectively. The glucose absorption rate was greater with the La solution than with the BiGG solution, but the difference was significant only at 2 hours (p<0.05). pH was increased in the La solution from its initial value of 5.5 to 7.18,7.32, and 7.40 at 2,4 and 6 hours, respectively, while it remained almost unchanged in the BiGG solution. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the peritoneal effluent was significantly higher in the BiGG solution in all instances (p<0.0001). Conclusion It is concluded that the BiGG solution, which has a stable pH, 7.35, due to the potent buffering capacity of bicarbonate and glycylglycine, enhances peritoneal NUF by maintaining a higher osmotic gradient and retarding lymphatic absorption through an increase in PC concentration in the peritoneal cavity.

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Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass.

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2950 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 76 ◽

pp. 15-23

Author(s):

Barrie J. Wills

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Land Use ◽

National Economy ◽

Local Community ◽

Central Government ◽

Future Generations ◽

Economic Potential ◽

District Council ◽

Definition Of

A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

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A Problem of Long - Term Digital Preservation: Difference in Humanities and Natural Sciences

Bibliotheca Lituana ◽

10.15388/bibllita.2014.3.15570 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 183-195

Author(s):

Elena Macevičiūtė

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Digital Preservation ◽

Dynamic Activity ◽

Private Companies ◽

Time Line ◽

Digital Documents ◽

Whole Process ◽

The Difference ◽

Technological Science

The article deals with the requirements and needs for long-term digital preservation in different areas of scholarly work. The concept of long-term digital preservation is introduced by comparing it to digitization and archiving concepts and defined with the emphasis on dynamic activity within a certain time line. The structure of digital preservation is presented with regard to the elements of the activity as understood in Activity Theory. The life-cycle of digitization processes forms the basis of the main processing of preserved data in preservation archival system.The author draws on the differences between humanities and social sciences on one hand and natural and technological science on the other. The empirical data characterizing the needs for digital preservation within different areas of scholarship are presented and show the difference in approaches to long-term digital preservation, as well as differences in selecting the items and implementing the projects of digital preservation. Institutions and organizations can also develop different understanding of preservation requirements for digital documents and other objects.The final part of the paper is devoted to some general problems pertaining to the longterm digital preservation with the emphasis of the responsibility for the whole process of safe-guarding the cultural and scholarly heritage for the re-use of the posterior generations. It is suggested that the longevity of the libraries in comparison with much shorter life-span of private companies strengthens the claim of memory institutions to playing the central role in the long-term digital preservation.

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The Distinction between [P] and [S]

10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Galen Strawson

Keyword(s):

Personal Identity ◽

Radical Change ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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Strategies to prevent long term complications after penetrating the abdominal wall

10.26481/dis.20200117ss ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

van Steensel Sebastiaan

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Wall

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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