Research on Tourist Activity in Europe – Methodological Aspects and Results (Part I: the Period 1945-2000)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 9-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiesław Alejziak
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
Research Studies

Purpose. Analysis of research studies on tourism related activity carried out in various European countries in the period from the end of WWII to the end of the 20th century. The study embraced both the research methods and techniques, as well as the ways of expressing tourism activity, making an attempt at comparing the findings of various studies in each case (both on the domestic and international scale). Method. The basic method used in the study was complex analysis of scientific literature pertaining to the research on tourism related activity (published in Polish, English, German and French), where focus was on research methodology. Also, the findings of the analysed studies were investigated to a certain degree, which – despite some limitations of research comparability – indicated serious disproportions in the level of tourism related activity among the inhabitants of particular countries. Findings. The study indicated that the great majority of research carried out within the entire analysed period of time embraced surveys with a great heterogeneity of research methods and techniques, non-uniform terminology, as well as various different criteria and typologies of tourism activity. The study also revealed a great variety of used indicators (measures), which made proper diagnosis of the phenomenon and interpretation of the results additionally difficult. Hence, it impeded the potential use of research results in practical activity. Research limitations and conclusions. The paper presents the analyses of research studies carried out until the year 2000. A similar study, based on the scientific literature published already in the 21st century, is in preparation. Practical implications. The current study shows that at the end of the analysed period, traditional research methods and indices determining the level of participation in tourism (e.g. tourism activity rate) often did not allow for proper market analyses and required serious improvement (particularly in relation to research comparability and results obtained by various institutions). Reliable research studies have always been largely expected by the widely understood tourism branch as such data constitute a crucial factor not only in their current activity but also in strategic planning. Originality. The paper presents one of the most comprehensive overviews of research studies on tourism activity, particularly in relation to the analyses of research methodology on this subject matter. New estimation methods and genuine indices of tourism-related activity were also proposed in the study, taking the hitherto mentioned conditions into consideration. Type of paper. The paper is an overview analysing the findings of numerous empirical studies.

METHODOLOGY FOR RESEARCHING THE FISCAL MECHANISM FOR REGULATING INVESTMENT PROCESSES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Rudenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Financial Research

The necessity and advantages of using the methodology in conducting financial research in modern conditions, in particular regarding the functioning of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes, are determined. It is established that the methodology is considered by scientists in two approaches: 1) as a doctrine of research methods, which is inextricably linked with philosophical science; 2) as a set of research methods used in any science. The etymology of the concept of “methodology” is considered and approaches to the interpretation of its content are critically comprehended. It is substantiated that the structure of the research methodology, in particular the fiscal mechanism of regulation of investment processes, covers three aspects: functional, logical and process. The functional aspect of the research methodology is determined, which covers its consideration as a set of principles and methods aimed at achieving a specific practical or theoretical goal of research work. The logical aspect of research methodology is highlighted, which contains its understanding as a set of forms of organization of research work. The process aspect of research methodology is determined, which implies its interpretation as a series of successive stages aimed at achieving a certain practical or theoretical result of research work. Based on the study of reference and scientific literature, the author's definition of research methodology of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes is proposed as a specific doctrine, which covers a set of principles, methods, forms and sequential stages of research (cognitive) activity, used to identify scientific facts, their theoretical justification and practical implementation. The functions of research methodology of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes is established. The functions of research methodology of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes are established. The factors of successful application of the methodology as “art” in the study of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes are considered.

Methodology of Research into Organisational Culture

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gadomska-Lila
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Constant Interest ◽  
Research Studies

The constant interest in exploring organisational culture accompanied by cognitive and practical difficulties related to this process encourage deeper reflection on the research methodology. The paper aims to analyse the procedure of research into organisational culture, focusing in particular on the research methods (both quantitative and qualitative) and techniques of data collection. The presentation of their weaknesses and strengths as well as on the discussion of possible areas of application should contribute to more rational choices, and improve the reliability and accuracy of research studies.

scholarly journals Research methods and techniques in new management trends: research results

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Dźwigoł
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Adopted Model ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Research Studies

Findings from domestic and foreign literature analyses on the research methods and techniques applied in the management sciences confirmed the necessity to elaborate a certain procedure of selecting proper research methods, with consideration given to new management trends. With reference to the foregoing, the article presented qualitative studies (interviews, experts’ opinions) and quantitative ones (surveys) in order to diagnose the problem in a proper way by providing answers to five research hypotheses. As a result of the research effort, the anticipated goal of the article was achieved, i.e. the readers were presented with an elaborated procedure (Dźwigoł, 2018) of selecting the methods and techniques for the sake of the management-related research process, and with essential components of the research process used for designing the procedure in question. Since the research hypotheses were positively assessed, the author was able to present recommendations as to putting the procedures into practice, which were supported by a dedicated online tool. What is more, the achieved goal allowed not only to determine the application rate of the particular methods and techniques, or their combined versions, but also to identify certain rules as to recognising the research process in the present context and in terms of other variables, since the latter may influence whether the selected methods and techniques, related to the research subject in the context of management sciences, are essential. All foregoing steps were aimed at enhancing the reliability, quality and level of the research studies being carried out. Furthermore, it was recommended to perform further research studies aimed at verifying the adopted model and procedure of selecting research methods and techniques in the management sciences, especially in the practical context.

Paradygmat konstrukcjonizmu społecznego w badaniach nad starością i starzeniem się

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
Marcin Muszyński
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques

Research methodology has recently been reduced to using research methods and techniques that are perceived only as ready-to-use tools. Paradigmatic issues become of secondary importance and left unsaid in research work or replaced by a multi-paradigm approach characterised by pluralist ontology and epistemology. The paradigm consists of assumptions and fundamental beliefs and represents a worldview that defines the nature of the world. It helps to justify the use of selected methods and techniques. The article aims to present the social constructionism paradigm and its application in old age and aging research.

Empirical verification of the “TACT” framework for teaching rigour in qualitative research methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Kei Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Empirical Verification ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Research Studies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a framework intended to guide students and novice researchers in learning about the necessary dimensions for assessing the rigour of qualitative research studies. The framework has four dimensions – (T)rustworthiness, (A)uditability, (C)redibility and (T)ransferability. The development of TACT is informed by various discourses of rigour in the qualitative research methods literature. Results of an empirical verification of TACT suggests that postgraduate students and faculty learning qualitative research found the framework useful for learning rigour in qualitative research methods. TACT also serves as an important theoretical tool for setting directions for further discourses on teaching and learning critical aspects of rigour in qualitative research methodology. Design/methodology/approach The formal verification of the TACT started with a development of a rating tool. The tool consisted of a total of 16 items, 4 items per each dimension. The items were ranked on five-scale Likert points (1=very important, 2=important, 3=neutral, 4=less important, 5=not important). The instrument was piloted and tested for reliability revealing an overall Cronbach’s α (α=0.86), which indicates a good level of internal consistency (George and Mallery, 2003) among the dimensions. The tool was put online and sent out to participants enroled in workshops on “assessing rigour in qualitative research studies”. Findings Overall, participants found TACT to be a useful framework for learning different dimensions for assessing qualitative research. They saw various benefits associated with the use of the framework including providing a better process for undertaking and reporting outcomes of qualitative research and for exploring different dimensions of rigour. Participants also indicated that using TACT facilitates reflexivity and fosters dependability of research outcomes. They stated that TACT could help researchers think about their personal relationship with a phenomenon being studied as well as the quality of data collected. Others said that TACT allows researchers to think about achieving transference and gaining confidence in the research findings. Research limitations/implications TACT is best suited as a teaching toolkit in qualitative research methodology courses. It is also useful as a platform for fostering a shared language in undertaking peer-review of methodological dimensions of qualitative research studies. Practical implications Though a general framework for accessing rigour in qualitative research studies is highly desirable, the usefulness of TACT in rendering rigour is subject to a particular academic tradition. Social implications TACT facilitates the exploration of different dimensions for assessing the outcome of qualitative research. Originality/value TACT is a general framework drawn from the literature and teaching practice and empirically validated.

scholarly journals Innovation in Marketing Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dzwigol
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Methodological Triangulation ◽  
Methods And Techniques

This article focuses on the triangulation of research methods and techniques in the discussion on the evaluation of marketing research. Research traditions in marketing can be referred to the division of research methodologies, according to which the methods of conceptual, theoretical, empirical and formal research is distinguished, based on the use of quantitative methods, mathematical and statistical models. In scientific research on marketing, conceptual methods (i.e. heuristic or creative methods) are used, with a primary focus on the analysis of qualitative aspects of the studied processes, thus making little reference to empirics. The methodology of empirical research in marketing is used to a great extent. It allows developing empirical models, thus making it possible to recognize, e.g. actually implemented models of marketing strategies that may be consistent with or deviate from the theoretical models. However, it should be noted that empirical models do not always have implementation properties, as they most often refer to the present or past reality. Nevertheless, these models may be subject to benchmarking. Moreover, they serve to make conceptual models more probable. For the further development of marketing, it becomes essential to increase the scope of application of formal research methodologies as well. The analysis of the literature indicates the need for an in-depth diagnosis of combined methods in the research process in the broader context of management sciences. The aim of the article is therefore expressed as a research problem in the form of the following question: Is methodological triangulation a prerequisite for research processes in the management sciences? The research results presented in this article are a fragment of complex study on research methodology. Moreover, the conducted empirical research confirms and theoretically proves that methodological triangulation is a necessary condition in research processes. In contrast, verification of developed methods, models or procedures is an essential condition allowing to combine science and management practice, while methodological triangulation supports research processes. Concerning the preceding, the author recommends in the present article to make a scientific effort aimed at elaborating a tool, method or procedure to select proper research methods and techniques for the research process within the scope of management science, with a particular emphasis on factors determining the process quality. Keywords: methods, research techniques, marketing research, triangulation, research methodology

scholarly journals Methodology of marketing vs methodology of social and economic research

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
P Chlipala ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Entire History

The presented paper is methodical in character. Marketing methodology is an important matter looking from the prism of identifying its scientific status. There are differing views on the scientific status of marketing, nevertheless marketing, from the perspective of scientific cognition, has developed dynamically throughout its entire history. The main objective of this article is to present the methodological dilemmas of marketing in the context of social and economic sciences.The foundations of the methodology of research on marketing cannot be separated from the methodology of social sciences. Marketing belongs to social sciences, so it is based on similar assumptions with regard to the character of reality and scientific cognition. Marketing is engaged in exploring human behaviour and, similarly to other social sciences, makes use of such research methods and techniques. It is difficult to conduct research in the area of marketing without referring to the methodology of social sciences.The article presents the foundations of marketing research methodology, assumptions of the analysis of methodology of research on marketing in comparison to methodology of social and economic research and final remarks.

Metodologi Pengeluaran Fatwa di Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Mohd Faez Mohd Shah ◽  
Norhidayah Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
The Right

In the discipline of Islamic law research, strong proofing and clear Istinbat method are key pillars in the construction of Islamic law based on the application of the science of usul al-fiqh and maqasid al-shari'ah. However, what happens at the state of Johor’s fatwa institution is the opposite. The fatwa research methods applied by the Fatwa Committee of Johor in resolving current fatwa issues is not based on the right and true discipline of Islamic law research. In fact, current inputs related to fatwa issues are not explicitly stated in the method of determining the law either in the form of reality or scientifically verified. Therefore, this paper will discuss the fatwa procedures undertaken by the Fatwa Committee of Johor based on the methods applied in resolving current issues. The research methodology adopted is library and interview methods. This study shows that fatwa management and production in the state of Johor is placed under the jurisdiction of the Mufti of Johor’s Department. The methods adopted by the Fatwa Committee of Johor covers two methods, namely: internal research methods including literature review through the application of original source and proofs based on syarak. Second: field research method that includes an external review or going to the location of study such as conducting observation, questionnaires and interviews including referrals to specialists of different fields. Maslahah and mafsdah consideration are also implemented by the Fatwa Committee in every fatwa decision based on the standard that meets the interests of maqasid al-shari'ah. Keywords: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah ABSTRAK Dalam disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam, kekuatan pendalilan dan kaedah istinbat yang jelas merupakan tunggak utama dalam pembinaan hukum Islam berasaskan kepada aplikasi ilmu usul al-fiqh dan maqasid al-shari’ah. Namun begitu, apa yang berlaku di institusi fatwa negeri Johor adalah sebaliknya. Kaedah penyelidikan fatwa yang diaplikasi oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor dalam menyelesaikan isu fatwa semasa tidak berasaskan kepada disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam yang tepat dan sebenar. Malahan input-input semasa yang berkaitan dengan isu fatwa juga tidak dinyatakan secara jelas dalam kaedah penentuan hukum sama ada dalam bentuk realiti yang berlaku atau pembuktian secara saintifik. Justeru, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan prosedur fatwa Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor berdasarkan metode-metode yang diaplikasi dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu yang bersifat semasa. Metodologi kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah melalui metode perpustakaan dan metode lapangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurusan dan pengeluaran fatwa di negeri Johor hanya terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan Mufti Johor. Metode fatwa yang diamalkan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor merangkumi dua metode iaitu pertama, kaedah penyelidikan dalaman yang merangkumi kajian kepustakaan menerusi pengaplikasian dari sumber asas dan dalil-dalil syarak. Kedua, kaedah penyelidikan lapangan yang meliputi kajian luaran atau turun ke lokasi kajian seperti observasi, soal selidik dan temubual dan rujukan kepada pakar dalam bidang yang berlainan. Pertimbangan maslahah dan mafsdah juga dimplementasikan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa dalam setiap keputusan fatwanya berasaskan standard yang menepati kepentingan maqasid al-shari’ah. Kata kunci: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah

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