Criminological Characteristics of Organized Environmental Crime in the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Rednikova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Criminal Groups

Throughout the world, modern environmental crime is characterized by the emergence of new forms of criminal behavior, improving ways of committing crimes and steadily increasing participation of organized criminal groups and communities in their commission. Nowadays, organized environmental crime along with environmental terrorism constitute a significant security threat. The distinctive features of organized environmental crime include: longevity and stability of a criminal organization, which in most cases effectively manages a complex of criminal activities from the organizational and economic point of view, and also has the ability to minimize the risks arising in this connection, long-term planning of activities, involving individuals and commercial structures, building criminal networks. Another characteristic feature is its focus on the market (including the illegal one). The organized groups often engage in criminal activities in various areas, committing environmental and economic and other types of crimes, while the corruption component is an integral feature of them. Organized transnational environmental crime carries out its activities in such key areas as illegal trade in rare and endangered species of wild fauna and flora and their derivatives, illegal logging and trade in illegal timber, illegal turnover of waste including illegal transportation, storage, discharge and burial, transboundary movement of hazardous waste, illegal fishing. Law enforcement and law enforcement agencies of various states pooling their efforts to curb ecologically criminal behavior, neutralizing all stages of the crime: planning, illegal extraction of resources, transportation, marketing, laundering of proceeds from crime play an important role in combating organized environmental crime. Eliminating the economic basis of the activities of criminal groups, reducing their profitability, is the key to success in combating it. Improvement of international legislation for development will create an integrated system of measures to counteract organized environmental crime at the level of individual states and ensure unification of national legislative systems in terms of terminology, compositions, and sanctions applied for the commission of environmental crimes by organized groups.

scholarly journals Affect as a Term of Criminal Law, Psychology, Psychiatry, Physiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 374-381
Author(s):  
A. Lazareva ◽  
A. Goncharov ◽  
T. Kvasnikova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Research

We study such a characteristic of criminal behavior as the emotional state of the guilty person at the time the crime was committed, namely, the state of sudden strong emotional disturbance, which was called “affect” in psychology and psychiatry. Affect is a multidimensional phenomenon that should be considered not only from the criminal law but also from a medical point of view. The analysis and generalization of the attributes of affect are important not only for theoretical research but also for solving issues of law enforcement practice.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cybercrimes on the Banking System of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Rusakova ◽  
Sofia Golovan
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Impact

The article provides analysis of cybercrimes and their impact on banking system of Russia. From an economic point of view, cybercrime is a special type of human activity aimed at finding blank spots in the rules and traditions of economic behavior, in the methods of economic activity, in the methods of controlling economic activity, as well as in criminal law, in the practice of law enforcement agencies and organs of justice. The research stated that electronic financial fraud has characteristics that differentiate it from other types of crime. One of the most relevant issues is the fact that this type of crime is committed in the credit and financial sphere, which causes significant damage to the economy. The article concluded that the use of computer technology with modern versions of software is inherent in committing fraud in the financial sector and requires appropriate solutions.

scholarly journals Organising Responses to Organised Environmental Crimes: Collaborative Approaches and Building Capacity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob White ◽  
Grant Pink ◽  
David Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Networks ◽  
Building Capacity ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Over Time

The aim of this paper is to discuss the ways in which collaboration and a coordinated approach to dealing with criminal groups involved in environmental crime can be established and bolstered. The paper begins by examining the challenges associated with organised criminal networks and transnational crimes for environmental law enforcement agencies. Such analyses continually highlight several factors: the importance of collaboration in combatting organised criminal networks; flexibility in dealing with fluid on-the-ground situations; the importance of up-skilling in order to move laterally across different institutional and national contexts; and the lynchpin across all of these areas, capacity building for sustainable practice (that is, putting into place practices and procedures that will ensure continuity over time). Various forms of collaboration are outlined as well as the importance of trust and relationships in maintaining cooperative arrangements. Case studies are used to illustrate contemporary developments that are bolstering the possibilities of enhanced collaboration in regards to environmental law enforcement.

The Crime–Terror Nexus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Petrich
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups

The crime–terror nexus is the convergence of two types of disruptive nonstate group activities, crime and terrorism. The phrase can also be used to refer to cooperation between criminal and terrorist groups. When conceptualizing the crime–terror nexus, it’s helpful to categorize relationships in three ways. To achieve nexus status, groups either collaborate, combine, or convert. The most common presentation of nexus (or hybrid) groups is terrorist “conversion,” when a purely terrorist organization transitions into a more diversified model, rather than criminal groups moving toward political violence (though there are some notable exceptions) or two groups of different types “joining forces.” Responses to the crime–terror nexus have been uneven. Organized crime and terrorism research have traditionally been siloed from each other, with academics, policymakers, and law enforcement specializing in one or the other—an artificial divide that has become particularly problematic given the modern interconnectedness of political and economic systems wrought by globalization. Traditional security thinking is biased against crime–terror convergence because it emphasizes the difference in motivation between criminal and terrorist groups. Adherents have argued that any such relationships would be transactional and short-lived because criminal groups are interested in remaining out of the public eye, while terrorist groups are explicitly interested in drawing attention to themselves. However, this perspective misses both the potential benefits of diversified activities for violent nonstate groups, and the idea that groups can pursue a range of goals simultaneously across different levels of the organization. Notable exceptions to this institutional siloing include “deep web” and “dark networks” research, which have identified criminal–extremist relationships as relying on similar infrastructure and thus persisting over a longer time span. Both law enforcement and researchers should take their cue from this wholistic orientation. Siloing crime and terrorism from one another presents operational problems: while these groups and their activities may move easily between criminal and political violence, states often separate their law enforcement from their military and domestic security agencies, creating bureaucratic hurdles for effective disruption of hybrid groups. A small cadre of researchers, however, have begun to rectify these artificial disciplinary boundaries. Recent literature on the crime–terror nexus can be broadly categorized into four major buckets: the causes and enabling conditions that allow for such interactions, the spectrum of possible relationships, the ways that groups change as they move into the other’s area of operation, and the policy implications for melded groups. Drawing on work across criminology, sociology, political economy, history, and organizational behavior, in addition to political science, we can more effectively map and understand the contours of the crime–terror nexus. Criminally diversified terrorist groups are a distinct security threat because they are more adaptable, resilient, and entrenched than their traditionally resourced counterparts. Further, criminal activity may alter a group’s long-term political goals, making negotiated settlements and demobilization agreements more challenging. By including the crime–terror nexus in assessments, both academics and policymakers can make more accurate assessments of the contours of low-intensity and asymmetric warfare, leading to better policy outcomes, durable institution building, and increased protections for populations impacted by violent nonstate actors.

Abandonment in Danger, Resulting in the Death of the Victim: Problems of Theory and Judicial Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Safonov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Stability

Problem Statement. The inconsistency of judicial practice in criminal cases of abandonment in danger remains an urgent theoretical, legal and practical problem that needs doctrinal coverage. The second premise of the study is the inconsistency of the established judicial practice in cases of this category with the principles of the criminal law-legality, justice, guilt. Goals and Objectives of the Study, Research Methods. The goal is to provide a theoretical explanation and practical suggestions for optimizing judicial practice in cases of this category. The study is carried out in the tradition of a dialectical approach to the content and essence of any social phenomenon, in the coordinates of which the state of the phenomenon under consideration is determined by the content and the ratio of the factors forming this phenomenon. From this point of view, the current practice of reviewing criminal cases on the most dangerous type of abandonment of an unauthorized person in danger, which resulted in his death, is subjected to research. The research methods are systematic, historical, logical, comparative, and proper – legal. Results and Summary Conclusions. The article presents a picture of the contradictory judicial practice in criminal cases of abandonment in danger, and provides a cross-section of theoretical views on the problem under consideration. The main focus is on the consideration of leaving the victim in danger, resulting in his death. It is argued that the reason for the different qualifications of abandonment in danger, associated with the onset of serious consequences (causing harm to the health or death of the victim), is due to the disregard by law enforcement officers of the understanding of this act as a single mechanism of criminal behavior, including the uniqueness of the objective signs of the act with their reflection in the consciousness of the perpetrator. The conclusion is made about the need for a systematic approach to the legal assessment of the phenomenon of abandonment in danger with the subsequent causing of death. In addition to the stability of judicial practice, the author believes that this would lead to a more precise adherence to the principles of criminal law: legality, justice, and guilt. The same principles would be more consistent with the qualification activities of law enforcement entities as a component of the State’s criminal law policy.

Penerapan Hukum Wakaf Uang di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masdar Masdar
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

Cash waqf in Indonesia has been long enough implemented based on some rules enacted by government and other rules defined by The Waqf Board of Indonesia (BWI). However, the implementation of cash waqf has not reached the level of success. Therefore, this article studies the application of cash waqf law in Indonesia according to Friedman’s legal system theory. The legal system theory of Friedman firstly looks at the substance of the law, which is the rules or regulations; and secondly it examines the structure of the law, encompassing the law enforcement agencies, such as judge, prosecutor, police and legal counselors. And lastly the theory examines the element of legal culture, which is a response from Muslim society. The first two examinations indicate that there is nothing to be a problem. But from the last examination there is a problem regarding the trust from Muslim society. From the legal culture point of view, the implementation of cash waqf by the government, which is performed by BWI, needs attracting society’s credentials in order to improve and maximize the performance of cash waqf in Indonesia.

Recommendations of The Ombudsman’s Dilemma: Between Law Enforcement Officials and Protection of Credibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Oversight Body

The Ombudsman as an external oversight body for official performance, in Fikih Siyasah (constitutionality in Islam) is included in the supervision stipulated in legislation (al-musahabah al-qomariyah). Supervision is done so that public service delivery to the community is in accordance with the rights of the community. This is done because in carrying out its duties, officials are very likely to conduct mal administration, which is bad public services that cause harm to the community. The Ombudsman is an institution authorized to resolve the mal administration issue, in which one of its products is by issuing a recommendation. Although Law No. 37 of 2018 on the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia states that the recommendation is mandatory, theombudsman's recommendations have not been implemented. This is due to differences in point of view, ie on the one hand in the context of law enforcement, but on the other hand the implementation of the recommendation is considered as a means of opening the disgrace of officials. Recommendations are the last alternative of Ombudsman's efforts to resolve the mal administration case, given that a win-win solution is the goal, then mediation becomes the main effort. This is in accordance with the condition of the Muslim majority of Indonesian nation and prioritizes deliberation in resolving dispute. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the community and officials related to the implementation of the Ombudsman's recommendations in order to provide good public services for the community, which is the obligation of the government.

TRANSLATION OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL TERMINOLOGY OF CHINESE LANGUAGE AS A PROCESS OF NORMATIVE PRACTICE IN CONTEXT MODELS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-182
Author(s):  
Saodat Nosirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Normative Practice ◽  
Context Models

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the socio -political terminology of the modern Chinese language.The purpose of the article is to search for an integrated approach to the study of the cognitive side of social and political terms of the Chinese language from the point of view of law enforcement in the process of translating official materials from Chinese into Uzbek and / or Russian and vice versa

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

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