Multifunctional artificial saliva preparation – challenges and needs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska ◽  
Joanna Mystkowska ◽  
Dawid Łysik ◽  
Sylwia Chmielewska ◽  
Łukasz Suprewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Dry Mouth ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Saliva Substitutes

Saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis not only within the oral cavity but also in further sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Pleiotropic properties of saliva include participation in the digestion of carbohydrates, cleansing and moisturizing the oral cavity, and maintaining the composition of the oral microbiome. The result of impaired function of the salivary gland is reduced salivation – hyposalivation, leading to dry mouth – xerostomia. It is established that numerous physiological factors (age, sex, weight change) and pathological factors (polytherapy, head and neck cancer, coexisting diseases such as diabetes, depression, cardiovascular diseases) lead to the reduction in saliva secretion, and in effect, causing a dry mouth. Treatment of salivary secretion disorders involves pharmacological therapy (including hormone therapy) or replacement therapy which based on the use of saliva substitutes. In the case of disturbances in the secretion of natural saliva, the application of the artificial saliva preparations should support the chewing processes, moisturize the oral cavity, and fulfill the biological functions of saliva. However, to date, on the pharmaceutical market, there are no saliva substitutes that meet the biological criteria and maintaining favorable physicochemical properties and rheological parameters. Taking into account the problems of the patients which are burden by impaired salivary secretion, the aim of our research was to attempt to develop an artificial saliva preparation that reflecting as much as possible the properties of natural saliva, both in terms of mechanical and biological properties. As part of the research, the chemical composition was developed and a detailed study of the physicochemical and rheological parameters of artificial saliva preparations containing mucins as well as their microbiological and biocompatibility assessment, at in vitro level were carried out.

scholarly journals Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Łysik ◽  
Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska ◽  
Robert Bucki ◽  
Grażyna Tokajuk ◽  
Joanna Mystkowska
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Dry Mouth ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Saliva Substitutes ◽  
Salivary Substitutes ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.

scholarly journals Changes in denture retention with denture adhesives and oral moisturizers for the oral cavity: an in vitro study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoya Ikemura ◽  
Yuji Sato ◽  
Junichi Furuya ◽  
Osamu Shimodaira ◽  
Kana Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Dry Mouth ◽  
Denture Adhesive ◽  
Retentive Force ◽  
Palatal Plate ◽  
Denture Adhesives ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background It is difficult to maintain complete dentures during meals in place. This in vitro study aimed to assess changes in denture retention between rest and function using denture adhesives and oral moisturizers in an oral cavity model. Methods The following test samples were applied between the palatal plate and the edentulous jaw ridge model: denture adhesive, denture adhesive for dry mouth, oral moisturizer, and denture moisturizer. The retentive force was measured under two conditions: at rest while immersed in water and during function with a 2.5-kg load applied. The plate was pulled perpendicular to the occlusal plane and the retentive force was measured using a digital force gauge. Results Under dry conditions, denture adhesive for dry mouth and oral moisturizer had a significantly higher retentive force than denture adhesive and denture moisturizer. After 30 min of immersion in water, the retentive force of the denture adhesive increased while that of the oral moisturizer decreased. After 30 min of function, the retentive force of the denture adhesive and denture adhesive for dry mouth remained high, while that of the oral moisturizer and denture moisturizer significantly decreased. Between rest and function, the retentive force of the denture adhesive and denture adhesive for dry mouth was high, and that of the oral moisturizer was low. Conclusions Immediately after use, denture adhesive for dry mouth exhibited high retentive force, but retention gradually decreased due to its water content.

Artificial Salivas: Present and Future

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Levine ◽  
A. Aguirre ◽  
M. N. Hatton ◽  
L. A. Tabak
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Saliva Substitutes ◽  
Systemic Health

Modern technology has allowed us to understand better the functions of saliva and now provides a rationale for developing: (1) diagnostic reagents for monitoring oral and systemic health status and (2) replacement therapies for individuals with salivary dysfunctions. Several areas of dental research are directed at augmenting or enhancing both the quality and quantity of saliva for individuals with dry mouth. An “intrinsic” approach is being explored which utilizes medications such as pilocarpine and bromhexine to stimulate the salivary glands to produce more saliva. An “extrinsic” approach proposes to use topically applied artificial saliva. Studies in our laboratory have been directed toward developing artificial salivas which incorporate many of the protective features of “native” saliva. An ideal artificial saliva should be “long-lasting”, provide lubrication, inhibit colonization of microflora responsible for dental caries and gingivitis, and coat the oral soft tissues for protection against environmental insult and desiccation. Studies are currently under way to determine the structural requirements of salivary molecules responsible for these protective functions. Composite salivary molecules consisting of multiple biologically active or “functional domains” could then be designed and synthesized based upon primary sequence and conformational analyses, computer-assisted structural predictions, and in vitro testing. These supcrsalivary substances could then be used as saliva substitutes for targeting to selected oral surfaces to promote mineralization, hydration, and/or regulate microbial-mediated disease.

scholarly journals Enhancement in Xerostomia Patient Salivary Lubrication Using a Mucoadhesive

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 914-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wan ◽  
A. Vissink ◽  
P.K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Saliva Substitutes ◽  
Conditioning Film ◽  
Conditioning Films ◽  
Mouth Feel

Oral lubrication mediated by mucin and protein containing salivary conditioning films (SCFs) with strong water retainability can get impaired due to disease such as xerostomia, that is, a subjective dry mouth feel associated with the changed salivary composition and low salivary flow rate. Aberrant SCFs in xerostomia patient cause difficulties in speech, mastication, and dental erosion while the prescribed artificial saliva is inadequate to solve the complications on a lasting basis. With the growing aging population, it is urgently needed to propose a new strategy to restore oral lubrication. Existing saliva substitutes often overwhelm the aberrant SCFs, generating inadequate relief. Here we demonstrated that the function of aberrant SCFs in a patient with Sjögren syndrome can be boosted through mucin recruitment by a simple mucoadhesive, chitosan-catechol (Chi-C). Chi-C with different conjugation degrees (Chi-C7.6%, Chi-C14.5%, Chi-C22.4%) was obtained by carbodiimide chemistry, which induced a layered structure composed of a rigid bottom and a soft secondary SCF (S-SCF) after reflow of saliva. The higher conjugation degree of Chi-C generates a higher glycosylated S-SCF by mucin recruitment and a lower friction in vitro. The layered S-SCF extends the “relief period” for Sjögren patient saliva over 7-fold, measured on an ex vivo tongue-enamel friction system. Besides lubrication, Chi-C-treated S-SCF reduces dental erosion depths from 125 to 70 μm. Chi-C shows antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. This research provides a new key insight in restoring the functionality of conditioning film at articulating tissues in living systems.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Study of Different Types of Greek Honey as Potential Natural Antimicrobials against Dental Caries and Other Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms. Case Study Simulation of Oral Cavity Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6318
Author(s):  
Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou ◽  
Maria Antoniadou ◽  
Georgios Rozos ◽  
Athanasios Alexopoulos ◽  
Elpida Giorgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Manuka Honey ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Reference Strains

To study the antibacterial effect of different Greek honeys, samples of citrus honey, Saturja spp. Honey, and oregano and sage honey were collected directly from producers. Manuka honey and artificial honey were used as controls. The honeys were diluted in various concentrations to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and were also placed in agar wells to determine the inhibitory zones of growth. The bacteria tested were two reference strains and five pathogens isolated from patients with various dental ailments. A series of samples were diluted with artificial saliva instead of distilled water to simulate the conditions in the oral cavity. The results show that in most cases the Greek honeys, and particularly the citrus honey and the oregano and sage honey, outperformed the antibacterial activity of manuka honey against all tested bacteria. This performance was due to the hydrogen peroxide as well as to other components of the honeys, that is, peptides and other substances such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Artificial saliva enhanced the antibacterial effect of the honeys in comparison to distilled water.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Mechanical Behavior of Orthodontic Arches Exposed to the Environment in the Oral Cavity

Children ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Zalana Ștefan Alexandru ◽  
Maria Dămășaru ◽  
Edgar Moraru ◽  
Ciprian Ion Rizescu ◽  
Simina Neagoe (Chelărescu) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Deformation Force ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Final Degree

Background. The arches used in orthodontic therapy are subject to increasing physical and chemical stresses. Purpose of the study: This in vitro experimental study aims to highlight and compare the main mechanical properties of orthodontic arches. Materials and Methods: We used 40 springs, 2 materials, 20 of Ni-Cr and 20 of Co-Cr, of different diameters, 0.7 mm 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm, subjected to the environment of artificial saliva and artificial saliva with cola for one month and two months, respectively. Five springs of each material were tested at different times: T0, before application in the oral cavity, then at time T1, T2, T3, T4. Three lengths of the lever arm were considered for bending forces acting on the springs (dental wires). These lengths were 15, 10 and 5 mm. The wires were tested under the action of bending forces on a Hans Schmidt HV 500N stand, obtaining the characteristics of the wires: deformation-force-time. Results: Graphical determinations show that the degree of deformation of the wires is influenced by the applied force, diameter and obviously by the immersion time, respectively by the type of solution in which the springs were immersed. Conclusions: The final degree of bending is higher for Co-Cr arcs than for Ni-Cr at all three dimensions.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of an oral microbiome transplant among Australians for the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease: A study protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260433
Author(s):  
Sonia Nath ◽  
Peter Zilm ◽  
Lisa Jamieson ◽  
Kostas Kapellas ◽  
Nirmal Goswami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Oral Diseases

Background Oral microbiome transplantation (OMT) is a novel concept of introducing health-associated oral microbiota into the oral cavity of a diseased patient. The premise is to reverse the state of oral dysbiosis, and restore the ecological balance to maintain a stable homeostasis with the host immune system. This study will assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and safety of OMT using an interdisciplinary approach. Methods/Design To find donors suitable for microbial transplantation, supragingival plaque samples will be collected from 600 healthy participants. Each sample (200μL) will subsequently be examined in two ways: 1) 100μL of the sample will undergo high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun sequencing to identify the composition and characterisation of a healthy supragingival microbiome, 2) the remaining 100μL of the plaque sample will be mixed with 25% artificial saliva medium and inoculated into a specialised in-vitro flow cell model containing a hydroxyapatite disk. To obtain sufficient donor plaque, the samples would be grown for 14 days and further analysed microscopically and sequenced to examine and confirm the growth and survival of the microbiota. Samples with the healthiest microbiota would then be incorporated in a hydrogel delivery vehicle to enable transplantation of the donor oral microbiota. The third step would be to test the effectiveness of OMT in caries and periodontitis animal models for efficacy and safety for the treatment of oral diseases. Discussion If OMTs are found to be successful, it can form a new treatment method for common oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. OMTs may have the potential to modulate the oral microbiota and shift the ecological imbalances to a healthier state.

Artificial Salivas: Present and Future

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Levine ◽  
A. Aguirre ◽  
M. N. Hatton ◽  
L. A. Tabak
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
In Vitro Testing ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Saliva Substitutes ◽  
Systemic Health

Modern technology has allowed us to understand better the functions of saliva and now provides a rationale for developing: (1) diagnostic reagents for monitoring oral and systemic health status and (2) replacement therapies for individuals with salivary dysfunctions. Several areas of dental research are directed at augmenting or enhancing both the quality and quantity of saliva for individuals with dry mouth. An “intrinsic” approach is being explored which utilizes medications such as pilocarpine and bromhexine to stimulate the salivary glands to produce more saliva. An “extrinsic” approach proposes to use topically applied artificial saliva. Studies in our laboratory have been directed toward developing artificial salivas which incorporate many of the protective features of “native” saliva. An ideal artificial saliva should be “long-lasting”, provide lubrication, inhibit colonization of microflora responsible for dental caries and gingivitis, and coat the oral soft tissues for protection against environmental insult and desiccation. Studies are currently under way to determine the structural requirements of salivary molecules responsible for these protective functions. Composite salivary molecules consisting of multiple biologically active or “functional domains” could then be designed and synthesized based upon primary sequence and conformational analyses, computer-assisted structural predictions, and in vitro testing. These supersalivary substances could then be used as saliva substitutes for targeting to selected oral surfaces to promote mineralization, hydration, and/or regulate microbial-mediated disease.

scholarly journals Brewed Robusta Coffee Increases Nickel Ion Release from Dental Alloys: An In Vitro Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7069
Author(s):  
Dessy Rachmawati ◽  
Devanti Ayu Cahyasari ◽  
Ardin Tito Febiantama ◽  
Lusi Hidayati ◽  
Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Ion Release ◽  
Nickel Ion ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
History Of

Alloys in oral cavity always interact with dynamic oral environment, such as pH, temperature, salivary conditions, and dietary habits. Coffee can further decrease pH in the oral cavity. Thus, coffee may increase the release of metal ions that may lead to various health diseases. This study aimed to quantitively investigate the effect of brewed Robusta coffee on the nickel ion release and their morphological structures; Methods: 20 alloy specimens were divided into 4 groups and placed in solutions for 48 and 168 h: (1) distilled water, (2) artificial saliva, (3) Robusta coffee, and (4) mixture of artificial saliva and Robusta coffee. AAS, XRF, and SEM were used for examinations; Results: The release of Ni2+ was found in all groups and robust release were found in the coffee only and mixture of coffee + artificial saliva solution after 168 h. Likewise, SEM showed that internal oxidation was high after 168 h of immersion; Conclusions: The concentration of nickel increased in saliva of low pH due to brewed coffee. Though the release of these ions is still within the tolerable amount in human body, it should be realized that it usually lasts for months or years. Dentists should be cautious when using instructions for patients with a history of allergies especially for dietary with low acidity.

The role of probiotics in correction of microbiocenosis and cytokine balance of the oral cavity of patient with chronic inflammatory disease of periodont

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
E. S. Ovcharenko ◽  
V. V. Erichev ◽  
S. I. Risovannij ◽  
T. V. Aksenova ◽  
S. V. Melekhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Before And After

Relevance. A long-term inflammation in the oral cavity, unreasonable treatment of periodontal patients with antibiotics cause imbalance between certain types of fungal-bacterial associations accompanied by oral dysbiosis and change of local immune status. So, development and application of new comprehensive diagnosis and treatment techniques in periodontal patients, use of products for correction of microbiota and local immunity are a current and a long-term task. Purpose is to optimize the comprehensive treatment protocol of inflammatory periodontal diseases by introducing probiotics and evaluation of oral microbiome and cytokine profile.Materials and methods. 140 patients were examined. Of these 60 patients had chronic generalized plaque-induced gingivitis and 60 patients suffered from moderate chronic generalized periodontitis. Bacterial and fungal microbiome was assessed and the host immune response was evaluated in all patients before and after the treatment. Half of the patients were treated conventionally and the other half were treated according to a modified scheme: probiotic “Bifidumbacterin Forte” was added.Results. A large number of yeast-like fungi Candida and commensal bacteria were detected in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic generalized plaque-induced gingivitis and moderate chronic generalized periodontitis. That correlates with a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL—8), decrease of concentration of INF-γ and increase of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-4.Conclusion. Changes in clinical, microbiological and immunological values during a modified combination therapy with a probiotic and during a conventional treatment demonstrated that effectiveness of treatment of chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis increased by 40% and 37% respectively.

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