The history of Polish viola literature – the 19th and 20th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (16) ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Dorota Stanisławska
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
European Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
Private Collections

After the Romanticism era, when virtuoso music was dominated by the violin, cello and piano, there was a noticeable tendency among composers to search for new and fresh sound inspired by instruments previously functioning mainly in an orchestra. One of the instruments which acquired a new glory back then was the viola. Even though Western European literature earned a permanent place in the repertoire of violists worldwide, Polish pieces representing this genre are lesser-known and performed not as often, except for a few compositions. The library of Polish 20th century viola works is quite rich, but many compositions did not stand the test of time and we would look for them in vain within the performance canon; others were not published in print or recorded, and their manuscripts are owned by private collections. Some autographs of compositions have gone missing and only their titles have been preserved to this day. The present article is an attempt to systematise the state of knowledge about Polish viola compositions written before the end of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Olha Morozova "Doslidzhennia istorii Ukrainy pershoi polovyny XX st. v suchasnii polskii istoriohrafii: napriamky, kontseptsii, dyskusii / Badania historii Ukrainy pierwszej połowy XX wieku we współczesnej historiografii polskiej: trendy, koncepcje, dyskusje", Vydavnytstvo CzNU im. Petra Mohyly, Mikolaiv 2020, ss. 432

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Srogosz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Thought

This paper analyses the state of contemporary Polish historiography about the history of Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century, a very dramatic period in Polish-Ukrainian relations, with a high emotional charge, influenced by political and ideological elements. Olha Morozova’s book is an important voice in the historiographic Polish-Ukrainian discourse. The author indicates different aspects linking the history of both nations, but without passing over the difficult or even dramatic moments of their common history. The book enriches contemporary knowledge about Polish historical thought, prompts Ukrainian and Polish historians to reflect and perhaps reorient their findings and assessments. Olha Morozova takes the position of continuing the calm Polish-Ukrainian dialogue, eliminating the emotional and ideological elements as much as possible.

Tradition, Innovations and Historical Events in the Early 20th Century Chinese Calendars from the Russian Collections

2021 ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Zavidovskaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
State University ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Museum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technology Of Production

The paper discusses two types of Chinese calendars – a traditional agricultural calendar “nongli” which existed in China since the 9th century and a Westernized “yuefenpai” calendar that emerged in Shanghai in the late 19th century and flourished until the 30-40s of the 20th century. Apart from the lunar and solar calendars and a table of 24 seasons woodblock “nongli” calendar featured a Stove God Zao-wang alone or with a spouse surrounded by a suite, fortune bringing deities and auspicious symbols, Stove God was believed to ascend to heaven and report good and bad deeds of the family members to the Jade Emperor. New standards of “peoples`” art in PRC borrowed the aesthetics of the traditional woodblock popular prints by proclaiming “new nianhua” as a new tool of propaganda and criticizing “yuefenpai”.“Yuefenpai” differed from “nongli” by modern technology of production and acting as an advertisement, yet early pieces of Shanghai calendars either feature auspicious characters and motifs or introduce current political events, such as accession of the Pu Yi emperor on the throne in 1908 (reigned in 1908–1912). These calendars were seen to be a cheap and easily available media suitable for informing population about news and innovations. The paper attempts to revisit previously established interpretations of some “yuefenpai” calendars. The research is based unpublished pieces from the collections of the State Hermitage, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, academic library of the St.-Petersburg State University, the State Museum of the History of Religion mostly acquired by V.M. Alekseev (1881–1951) during his stays to China.

Lombardo Toledano’s Struggles in the World of Labor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Spenser
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
The State ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Masses

Vicente Lombardo Toledano was born into a prosperous family in 1894 in Teziutlán, Puebla, and died in Mexico City in 1968. His life is a window into the history of the 20th century: the rise and fall of the old regime; the Mexican Revolution and the transformations that the revolution made in society; the intellectual and social reconstruction of the country under new parameters that included the rise of the labor movement to political prominence as well as the intervention of the trade unions in the construction and consolidation of the state; the dispute over the course of the nation in the tumultuous 1930s; and the configuration of the political and ideological left in Mexico. Lombardo Toledano’s life and work illustrate Mexico’s connections with the world during the Second World War and the Cold War. Lombardo Toledano belonged to the intellectual elite of men and women who considered themselves progressives, Marxists, and socialists; they believed in a bright future for humanity. He viewed himself as the conscious reflection of the unconscious movement of the masses. With unbridled energy and ideological fervor, he founded unions, parties, and newspapers. During the course of his life, he adhered to various beliefs, from Christianity to Marxism, raising dialectical materialism to the level of a theory of knowledge of absolute proportions in the same fashion that he previously did with idealism. In life, he aroused feelings of love and hate; he was the object of royal welcomes and the target of several attacks; national and international espionage agencies did not let him out of their sight. He was detained in and expelled from several countries and prevented from visiting others. Those who knew him still evoke his incendiary oratorical style, which others remember as soporific. His admirers praise him as the helmsman of Mexican and Latin American workers; others scorn the means he used to achieve his goals as opportunist. Lombardo Toledano believed that the Soviet Union had achieved a future that Mexico could not aspire to imitate. Mexico was a semifeudal and semicolonial country, hindered by imperialism in its economic development and the creation of a national bourgeoisie, without which it could not pass on to the next stage in the evolution of mankind and without which the working class and peasantry were doomed to underdevelopment. In his interpretation of history, the autonomy of the subordinate classes did not enter into the picture; rather it was the intellectual elites allied with the state who had the task of instilling class consciousness in them. No matter how prominent a personality he was in his time, today few remember the maestro Vicente Lombardo Toledano, despite the many streets and schools named after him. However, the story of his life reveals the vivid and contradictory history of the 20th century, with traces that remain in contemporary Mexico.

CHARLES TRIPP, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Pp. 328. $59.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Betty S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The State ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Charles Tripp, in his excellent book A History of Iraq, examines the means by which the Iraqi state consolidated its position throughout the country in the 20th century and, just as important, how individual Iraqis used “strategies of co-operation, subversion and resistance” (p. 1) to benefit from its services or to combat its ever-increasing power. While acknowledging that a number of alternative historical narratives can be studied, Tripp specifically places his analysis within a state-centric framework because of the pivotal role Iraq's governmental institutions and leaders have played in reconfiguring the centers of power in the country. As a result of successive governmental activities, the state became the focal point for political power and competition, just as an increasingly narrow group of Iraqis came to hold the reins of that power.

scholarly journals Charles Gounod’s Faust and Dostoevsky Artistic Principles

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-115
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Kovalevskaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Johann Sebastian Bach ◽  
Arnold Schoenberg ◽  
Formal Similarity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
Musical Embodiment ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Different Origins

The article considers the “Faustian” scene in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Adolescent as the musical embodiment of Dostoevsky’s central poetic device: statements with maximum formal similarity and maximum semantic divergence. This device is contextualized within Mikhail Bakhtin’s polyphonic novel concept and within the context of the history of polyphony as a musical phenomenon starting with its origins in the Western European music. We follow Larisa Gogotishvili’s suggestion that Mikhail Bakhtin’s polyphony is not the polyphony of the 18th-19th century (Johann Sebastian Bach, for instance) but the 20th-century polyphony (Arnold Schoenberg) and propose that Bakhtin’s and Dostoevsky’s concepts of polyphony have different origins (relativist in Bakhtin and epistemological in Dostoevsky) and consequently serve different purposes: Bakhtin affirms a multiplicity of voices as a matter of principle, while Dostoevsky strives to ultimately overcome this multiplicity by covering as many concepts of reality as possible. The breadth of Dostoevsky’s conceptual range is intended to overcome humans’ epistemological limitations and avoid dangerous cognitive traps that lie in statements that are formally close, but semantically different.

scholarly journals Introduction: The Return of the Exception

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Rafał Mańko ◽  
Przemysław Tacik ◽  
Gian Giacomo Fusco
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The history of the 20th century, and more recently the two-decades long war on terror, have taught us the lesson that the normalisation of the state of exception (intended here as the proliferation of legal instruments regulating emergency powers, and their constant use in varied situations of crisis) is never immune from the risk of leaving long-lasting impacts of legal and political systems. With the “Return of the Exception” we intend to bring to the fore the fact that in the pandemic the state of exception has re-appeared in its “grand” version, the one that pertains to round-the-clock curfews and strong limitations to the freedom of movement and assembly, all adorned by warfare rhetoric of the fight against an invisible enemy – which, given the biological status of viruses, it cannot but be ourselves. But “return” here must be intended also in its psychoanalytic meaning. Much like the repressed that lives in a state of latency in the unconscious before eventually returning to inform consciousness and reshape behaviour, the state of exception is an element that remains nested in law’s text before reappearing in a specific moment with forms and intensity that are not fully predictable. Still, it remains cryptic whether the pandemic inaugurates a new epoch of liberal legality – the post-law – or just augurs its structural crisis.

scholarly journals A vueltas con la recuperación del leonés = Rethinking the recovery of Leonese

2020 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Christian Fernández Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Linguistic Ideologies ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Recovery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Do So

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p class="Pa8">El presente artículo pretende realizar un análisis sucinto sobre la trayectoria de la recuperación moderna del leonés, así como contribuir al campo de la sociolingüística a través de una valoración sobre las ideologías lingüísticas de las asociaciones involucradas en su protección, activas en la actualidad o en el pasado. Para ello, analizaremos las ideas y discursos que apoyan o refutan posturas hegemónicas y contrahegemónicas dentro del proceso de recuperación lingüística utilizando la teoría del sociolingüista gallego José del Valle mediante la contraposición que es­tablece entre las culturas de la monoglosia y de la heteroglosia, lo cual supone una novedad para entender el marco conceptual de la realidad lingüística leonesa dentro de esta disciplina.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="Pa8">The present article intends to elaborate on the history of the modern recovery of Leonese as well as contributing to the field of sociolinguistics through an analysis of the linguistic ideologies of the associations –cur­rently active or in the past– involved in its protection. To do so, after reviewing the style and language attitudes of the first writers in Leonese of the 20th century, we will focus on the ideas and rhetoric of associations that support or reject hegemonic or counterhegemonic stances within the process of language recovery using the theory of CUNY sociolinguist José del Valle, who establishes an opposition between the culture of monoglos­sia and the culture of heteroglossia. This new approach aims to provide a conceptual framework to understand the Leonese language situation within the field of sociolinguistics.<em> </em></p>

scholarly journals Das generische Maskulinum im Deutschen. Ein historischer Spaziergang durch die deutsche Grammatikschreibung von der Renaissance bis zur Postmoderne

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Doleschal
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
German Language ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Original Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The concern of the present article is the evolution of the "generic masculine" in German as it is reflected in the grammars of the German language from the 16th to the 20th centuries. Grammarians recognized the ability of all masculine personal nouns to refer to both sexes only by the beginning of the 20th century and an adequate description is found as late as the 1960s. Formerly, women and men used to be segregated by grammatical description. The history of this process is being explored in detail and illustrated by citations from original works.

scholarly journals Udział polskich ziemian z Mińszczyzny w pracach rady nadzwyczajnej do spraw związanych z potrzebami gospodarki rolnej w Rosji w latach 1902-1903

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Roman Jurkowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Active Element ◽  
The State ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Agricultural Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Unknown Period

The article presents an unknown period from the history of the Polish gentry from the Taken Lands at the beginning of the 20th century. It shows the participation of Polish landowners in the work of the Extraordinary Council for matters connected with the needs of agriculture in the Minsk guberniya in 1902-1903, the purpose of which was to describe the state of agriculture in Russia and to indicate ways of its modernization. The Polish landowners, gathered in the Minsk Agricultural Society, were the most active element among all members of the 9 discrits committees in the Minsk guberniya. For the first time since the fall of the January Uprising, they had the opportunity to show their organizational skills and substantive preparation for the discussion on the situation of agriculture in the Minsk guberniya.

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