Pengaruh penambahan propana dalam bahan bakar terhadap karakteristik sel tunam oksida padat

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Isdiriayani Nurdin ◽  
Astrilia Damayanti ◽  
Ocktavianus Lede M. R. ◽  
Pramujo Widiatmoko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Main Components

AbstractFuel cell is a renewable energy source that does not create any negative effect to the environment. One of the advantage of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is its tolerance to fuel contaminants. This research is aimed to study the effect of propane addition into fuel gas on SOFC'S characters. SOFC tested during this research consists of main components functioned as feed gas distributor, and insulator made of asbestos and C-12 high alumina. SOFC's characters studied in this research including optimum operating conditions, polarization, and expected life time of the cell. The test results show that optimum operating conditions of tested SOFC are 700ºC, 45 mL H/minute and 225 mL air/minute. Cell using 22,2 %-vol propane in the fuel gives a longer lifetime, a smaller maximum current, and a higher voltage efficiency than such using hydrogen only as fuel. Propane concentration in fuel gas up to 22,2 %-vol has not any significant influence to cell voltage. The obtained polarization curve reveals that cell reactions are mass transfer controlled.Keywords: SOFC, Life Time, Polarization, EfficiencyAbstrakSel tunam oksida padat (SOFC) merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan toleran terhadap kontaminan dalam bahan bakar. Tujuan percobaan ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh penambahan propana dalam bahan bakar terhadap karakteristik SOFC. Pada penelitian ini SOFC yang diuji terdiri dari komponen utama sel tipe ASC1 buatan lnDEC B.V,dilengkapi dengan cangkang terbuat dari stainless steel tipe AISI 304, yang merangkap sebagai distributor gas umpan, dan isolator dari bahan asbes serta semen tahan api tipe C-12 high alumina. Karakter SOFC yang dipelajari pada penelitian ini meliputi kondisi operasi optimum, polarisasi, dan umur set. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa operasi SOFC optimal pada temperatur 700ºC dengan laju alir H2, 45 mL/menit dan udara 225 mL/menit. Konsentrasi propana dalam bahan bakar 22,2 %- v memberikan umur sel yang lebih panjang, arus maksimum yang lebih kecil, dan efisiensi tegangan yang lebih besar daripada dengan bahan bakar gas hidrogen saja. Konsentrasi propana dalam gas bahan bakar sampai dengan 22,2 %-v tidak mempengaruhi tegangan sel. Kurva polarisasi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa reaksi sel terkendali olehperpindahan  massa.Kata Kunci : SOFC, Umur, Polarisasi, Efisiensi

Biomass Oxygen-Enriched Gasification in a Pressurized Fluidized Bed for Production of Middle/High Heat-Value Fuel Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Bao Sheng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Hydrocarbon Synthesis ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Heat Value

For biomass gasification, the high tar and carbon monoxide contents and the low heat value of fuel gas are problems to be solved, which leading to the poor operating conditions of the completed projects in China. Therefore, a new technology of biomass oxygen-enriched gasification in pressurized fluidized bed is proposed. Coupling the technologies of pressurized biomass oxygen-enriched gasification at low temperature, high-temperature gasification and melting, steam reforming and hydrocarbon synthesis, the high gasification efficiency, tar cracking and gas reforming shall be realized, and the middle/high heat value gas which meets the national standards will be produced. ASPEN PLUS simulation was carried out for biomass oxygen-enriched gasification. Both the equivalent ratio and gas yield of rice husk are lower than that of the wood sawdust, while the gas calorific values are equivalent. Considering the gas yield, the calorific value and economy, the optimum operating conditions are obtained: the gasification temperature at 1200 °C, the oxygen purity at 0.9, the equivalent ratio at about 0.25, the S/B ratio at 0.1~0.2. The gas yield could reach 1.9 m3/kg, and the gas calorific value was above 11 MJ/m3.

A Study of a Turbine-Generator System for Low-Head Hydropower

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Mankbadi ◽  
S. Mikhail
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Generator System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Head

A method is outlined for determining the optimum operating conditions of a turbine-generator unit installed across a low-head irrigation structure for electrical power generation. For a given regulator’s characteristic, the unit’s rated power and design parameters are determined such that its cost-benefit ratio is minimum. The economical feasibility of the microhydro plant is studied by comparing its life-time cost to its life-time benefit. The benefit is determined by the cost of the corresponding energy generated through a diesel-driven generator set. The microhydro plant was found to be economically feasible over a wide range of inflation and interest rates.

scholarly journals Removal of Arsenic from Wet Scrubbing Wastewater

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Francesco Ferella ◽  
Ida De Michelis ◽  
Francesco Veglio
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Calcium Arsenate ◽  
Wet Scrubbing ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Removal Of Arsenic

<p class="emsd-body"><span lang="EN-GB">Arsenic removal is hindered by its valence state. Addition of lime into wastewater containing arsenic gives benefits through the formation of low-soluble calcium arsenate, but the mechanism involved in the reduction of arsenic dissolution is not well known yet. Hence, in the present work different Ca/As ratios from 0 to 70% w/w were tested with the aim of finding the best conditions for removal of As from water (neutral tests) or solution (acid tests) containing sulphate ions. These solutions simulated aqueous streams coming from a wet scrubber for treatment of flue gas. Moreover, 5 g L<sup>-1</sup> of iron chloride were tested as additive in the acid tests. </span></p><p class="emsd-body"><span lang="EN-GB">In the optimum operating conditions, nearly 99% precipitation yield was obtained for both As(III) and As(V) in less than 1 h; the optimum process conditions were 10 g L<sup>-1</sup> of CaO without FeCl<sub>3</sub> for As(III) and 9 g L<sup>-1</sup> of CaO and 5 g <sup>-1</sup> FeCl<sub>3</sub> for As(V) in acid solutions. As regards neutral solutions, 1 g L<sup>-1</sup> of CaO is enough to precipitate around 99% of As(III) whereas the same result for As(V) is achieved by a higher CaO concentration (40 g L<sup>-1</sup>). Iron chloride had a negative effect on As(III) precipitation.</span></p>

Analysis of Nonuniform Cell Voltage Distribution in a PEMFC Stack

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhai ◽  
Pengtao Sun ◽  
Fengxiang Chen ◽  
Chuansheng Zhang ◽  
Su Zhou
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fully Coupled ◽  
Insight Into

The nonuniform cell voltage distribution greatly influences design complexity, heat management and system performance, such as life time, reliability and output power, etc., in a real PEMFC system. To get insight into the corresponding influence factors, a fully coupled non-isothermal, electrochemical and transport 3D model for a 10-cell PEMFC stack with coolant channels is set up in this paper and the nonuniform characteristics are reconstructed under the defined operating conditions by simulations. It is found that the temperature profile in the stack has an important impact on the cell voltage distribution through influencing the distribution of activation potential and ohmic overpotential.

scholarly journals Design Optimisation of a Current-Fed Solid-State Transformer for MV Grid-Connected Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3283
Author(s):  
Essam Hussain ◽  
Mohammad Abusara ◽  
Suleiman Sharkh
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Solid State Transformer ◽  
Design Optimisation ◽  
Solid State Transformers ◽  
Main Components

For integrating large batteries in the medium voltage grid, current fed solid-state transformers offer galvanic isolation and a significant weight and size reduction. While the power losses increase with frequency and flux density, the core volume is contrariwise. Therefore, a design optimisation to achieve minimum losses and/or a minimum volume is essential. An optimisation strategy is proposed in this paper to find the optimum operating frequency and core flux density under certain practical constraints such as winding voltage per turn, clearance between transformer windings, saturation flux density and minimum efficiency. Differently from previous works, the proposed strategy provides a holistic approach for the design considering all main power losses from all main components using nonsinusoidal voltage waveforms and different operating conditions. Analytical equations for the power losses calculation and the cores design are derived and validated using ANSYS and MATLAB Simulink software packages. Simulation results of the power loss calculation under different operating frequencies and duty cycles are presented and compared with the analytical results. A case study for designing a 1.0 MW, 0.6/18 kV current fed solid-state transformer is presented. The results of two optimisation objectives, minimum power losses or minimum total cores housing volume are also shown.

A Study that Optimizate Reactive Brilliant Orange X-GN of CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 under Oxidizing Conditions Based on Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Fu Chen Ban ◽  
Ya Ling Jiang ◽  
Xiao Tong Zhao ◽  
Xue Han
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimization Analysis ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Decolorization Rate ◽  
Response Surface Optimization ◽  
The Impact

To determine the reactive brilliant orange X-GN by CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 optimum operating conditions.Under oxidizing conditions by CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 that based on Box-Behnken Design,s response surface optimization analysis and establish model.The optimum operating conditions for cell voltage is 17.84V, pH is 7.0 ,concentration of electrolyte dosing is 966mg/L.Under this condition, the decolorization rate up to 95.5%,the impact of various factors on the size of decolorization rate is cell voltage>pH > concentration of electrolyte dosing ;the impact of the interaction between the factors various factors on the size of decolorization rate is cell voltage & pH value> cell voltage & concentration of electrolyte dosing>pH value & concentration of electrolyte dosing .

scholarly journals Optimization of Operating Conditions for Electrochemical Decolorization of Methylene Blue with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 Composite Electrode

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Md. Ashraful Islam Molla ◽  
Genta Yanagi ◽  
Mai Furukawa ◽  
Ikki Tateishi ◽  
Hideyuki Katsumata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Composite Electrode ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pbo2 Electrode

α-PbO2 was introduced into the intermediate layer of an electrode to prevent the separation of the electrodeposited layer and maintain oxidizing power. The resulting Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 composite electrode was applied to the electrochemical decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and the operating conditions for MB decolorization with the Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 electrode were optimized. The morphology, structure, composition, and electrochemical performance of Ti/α-PbO2 and Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 anode were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The optimum operating parameters for the electrochemical decolorization of MB at Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 composites were as follows: Na2SO4 electrolyte 0.05 g L−1, initial concentration of MB 9 mg L−1, cell voltage 20 V, current density 0.05–0.10 A cm−2, and pH 6.0. MB dye could be completely decolorized with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 for the treatment time of less than one hour, and the dye decolorization efficiency with Ti/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 was about 5 times better, compared with those obtained with Ti/α-PbO2.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, MOTIVASI KERJA DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DAN DESA PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mafral
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Validity Test ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Variable

The independent independent variables in this study as many as 89 respondents are determined by using saturated samples. To know the influence of independent variable to dependent variable partially, used t test. While to know the effect of independent variable to dependent variable simultaneously, used F test. The assumption used in the validity test is if R-count&gt; R-table item is declared valid. The R-arithmetic shown in the table above, from each item indicates that R-arithmetic&gt; R- table so the item is declared valid. Based on the validity test of the instrument of Leadership Style, Work Motivation, and Competence on Employee Performance, all items are declared valid and reliability test results indicate that the instrument has high reliability. This means that the eligibility criteria of the Instrument of Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Competency and Employee Performance have met the criteria of good instrument requirements, that is valid and reliable. The result of regression analysis of Leadership Style obtained by tcount = 20,91 while ttable value = 1,988 tcount&gt; ttable proved variable of Leadership Style influence to Employee Performance. Work Motivation regression analysis obtained tcount = 17.62 while the value ttable = 1.988 tcount&gt; ttabel proven Motivational Work variables influence on Employee Performance. Regression analysis Competence obtained value tcount = - 06.85 while ttable =1.988 so thitung&gt; ttable and proven variable Competence have a negative effect on Employee Performance.

Adolescent smoking behavior and communication with parents: Depression as a mediator and gender as a moderator

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xieping Chen ◽  
Qian Xie ◽  
Yuting Yang
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communication Scale

Parent–adolescent communication is assumed to be an important factor affecting adolescent smoking behavior. However, the inner mechanism accounting for this association has still not been clarified in research. Our purpose in this study was to examine the relationships between parent–adolescent communication, adolescent smoking behavior, and depression, as well as gender differences in the relationship between depression and adolescent smoking behavior. Participants were 1,134 students at 6 junior high schools in China who completed the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and the Smoking Behavior Test. Results showed that parent-adolescent communication had a significant negative effect on adolescent smoking behavior and depression partially mediated the relationship between parent–adolescent communication and adolescent smoking behavior. In addition, gender moderated the relationship between depression and adolescent smoking behavior. Overall, these findings may help to promote better understanding of the relationship between parent–adolescent communication and adolescent smoking behavior.

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