The Detection of Postpartum Depression among Japanese Mothers Using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Partner (EPDS-P)

Lack of social support is a known risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD). However, the association between lack of social support from a partner or others and PPD remains unknown. We examined this association among Japanese mothers. We distributed an original questionnaire to mothers participating in a three- or four-month health check-up program over October to November 2012 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Of the 9707 eligible mothers, 6590 responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 68%). Social support from a partner or others was assessed based on whether the mother can consult with her partner or others (i.e., parents, relatives, and friends who are close by or far) on childcare. PPD was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis for four categories: no social support from either a partner/others, social support from a partner only, social support from others only, and social support from both, adjusted for possible covariates. Mothers who have no social support from either a partner/others, have social support from a partner only, and have social support from others only were 7.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–29.6), 2.34 (95% CI, 1.37–3.98), and 3.13 (95% CI, 2.11–4.63) times more likely to show PPD, respectively, in comparison with mothers who have social support from both, after adjustment of possible covariates. Mothers with no social support from a partner, but have social support from others, showed significant risk for PPD, which may be invisible. Further prevention effort is needed to detect PPD cases, with a focus on mothers without support from their partner.

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PREVALENCE AND RELATED FACTORS OF POSTNATAL DEPRESSION IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2014.4_5.20 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 140-152

Author(s):

Manh Hoan Nguyen ◽

Ngoc Thanh Cao

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Past History ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Related Factors ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Depression

Background and Objective: HIV infection is also a cause of postpartum depression, however, in Vietnam, there has not yet the prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. The objective is to determine prevalence and related factors of postpartum depression in HIV infected women. Materials and Methods: From November 30th, 2012 to March 30th, 2014, a prospective cohort study is done at Dong Nai and Binh Duong province. The sample includes135 HIV infected women and 405 non infected women (ratio 1/3) who accepted to participate to the research. We used “Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a screening test when women hospitalized for delivery and 1 week, 6weeks postpartum. Mother who score EPDS ≥ 13 are likely to be suffering from depression. We exclude women who have EPDS ≥ 13 since just hospitalize. Data are collected by a structural questionaire. Results: At 6 weeks postpartum, prevalence of depression in HIV infected women is 61%, in the HIV non infected women is 8.7% (p < 0.001). There are statistical significant differences (p<0.05) between two groups for some factors: education, profession, income, past history of depression, child’s health, breast feeding. Logistical regression analysis determine these factors are related with depression: late diagnosis of HIV infection, child infected of HIV, feeling guilty of HIV infected and feeling guilty with their family. Multivariate regression analysis showed 4 factors are related with depression: HIV infection, living in the province, child’s health, past history of depression. Conclusion: Prevalence of postpartum depression in HIV infected women is 61.2%; risk of depression of postnatal HIV infected women is 6.4 times the risk of postnatal HIV non infected women, RR=6.4 (95% CI:4.3 – 9.4). Domestic women have lower risk than immigrant women from other province, RR=0.72 (95% CI:0.5 – 0.9). Past history of depression is a risk factor with RR=1.7 (95% CI:1.02 – 0.9. Women whose child is weak or die, RR=1.7(95% CI:0.9 – 3.1). Keywords: Postpartum depression, HIV-positive postpartum women

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Is there a relationship between gestational diabetes and postpartum depression?

Current Women s Health Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573404816999200918115133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Salman Khazaei ◽

Erfan Ayubi ◽

Saeid Bashirian ◽

Ronak Hamzehei ◽

Ensiyeh Jenabi

Keyword(s):

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Education ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship

Background: The relationship between gestational diabetes and postpartum depression (PPD) is poorly understood and seldom studied. Objective: In an effort to explore this issue, the present study investigated the relationship between gestational diabetes and PPD. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was performed with 342 women who were referred to four urban health centers of Hamadan city, west of Iran. We used convenience sampling as a method to recruit women in each health center. We used a researcher-made checklist for gathering data on socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors of PPD. The Persian validated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess PPD. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression was applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]). Results: Gestational diabetes was identified as the most important risk factor for PPD with OR (95% CI) of 2.19 (1.11, 4.31); P-value=0.02 after adjusting for other variables. Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio showed that PPD among lesseducated women (primary school) was 3.5 times higher compared to women with a university education (OR=3.54, 95% CI: 1.27, 9.84; P-value=0.01). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that PPD is more likely among women with gestational diabetes and those who were less educated. Interventional and educational activities for reducing the risk of PPD can be targeted for use with this population.

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Depressão pós-parto: correlações com suporte sócio-familiar e assistência no SUS/ Postpartum depression: correlations with socio-familial support and assistance in the SUS

REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE ◽

10.21876/rcsfmit.v1i2.42 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Jorge Gelvane Tostes ◽

Fabiane Coura da Silva ◽

Daniela Knopp Barbosa ◽

Denise Lemes de Freitas ◽

Elisa Carneiro de Paula

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Familial Support

Objetivos: Investigar possíveis relações entre DPP, condições da gravidez e parto e assistência prestada pelo sistema de saúde público e descrever as características sócio-demográficas de mulheres no período puerperal. Materiais e Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 198 puérperas atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de uma cidade do Sul de Minas Gerais, com idades entre 14 e 46 anos. Após lerem e assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e esclarecido, elas responderam um questionário sócio-demográfico, a Edimburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) e questões sobre condições da gravidez, parto e assistência prestada pelo SUS. Resultados: A prevalência de DPP foi de 17,2%. As variáveis idade entre 36 e 40 anos (p=0,03, RP=2,4), estado civil separada (p=0,04, RP=2,5), presença de distúrbios psíquicos em gestações anteriores (p< 0,001, RP=3,92), distúrbios psíquicos prévios durante a vida (p< 0,001, RP= 4,25), apresentaram associação com a ocorrência de depressão. Conclusões: O presente estudo apresenta resultados de elevada prevalência de DPP e sugere que pode ocorrer associação com fatores ligados à situação sócio-demográfica da mulher, assim como eventos da sua história médica pregressa. Além disso, nossa pesquisa traz à luz a aparente dificuldade dos profissionais de saúde da rede pública, na abordagem e tratamento de patologia tão prevalente, que leva ao sofrimento significativo para a mãe e potenciais de riscos para a mesma e o seu filho, mas que tem sido pouco reconhecida por esses profissionais.Palavras-chave: Depressão pós-parto, assistência, SUS

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A clinical study of postpartum depression and its association with postnatal factors

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181843 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 2120

Author(s):

Poonam Mathur ◽

Rahul Mathur ◽

Archana Singh

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Physical Change ◽

Perinatal Factors ◽

Adverse Perinatal Outcome ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Poor Concentration ◽

Postnatal Factors

Background: The postpartum period is a time of tremendous emotional and physical change for most women as they adapt to new roles and alteration in their physiology. Postpartum depression has seen its rise lately. Multiple factors might be responsible for causation. Symptoms include depression, tearfulness, emotional liability, guilt, anorexia, sleep disorders, feeling inadequate, detachment from the baby, poor concentration, forgetfulness, fatigue, and irritability.Methods: We have conducted a study in 225 postpartum females and assessed them for depression and associated postnatal depression. The 10-question Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used for assessing depression.Results: Depression was evaluated as 6%. It was also found that 2% mothers with IUD babies developed postnatal depression. 1.33% cases with babies having congenital anomaly developed postnatal depression. 1.33% cases with babies having nursery admission developed postnatal depression. This has been correlated with many other studies.Conclusions: It is found that perinatal factors do affect postnatal depression as it is found in mothers who have an adverse perinatal outcome. Further research is implicated in this field.

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A focus on postpartum depression among Jordanian mothers

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/00207640211000100 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002076402110001

Author(s):

Esra’ O Taybeh

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Marital Conflict ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Unplanned Pregnancies

Background: The magnitude of postpartum depression in Jordan is under documented, and little is known about its potential sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and risk factors associated with postpartum depression among Jordanian mothers in the first 18 months after delivery. Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from April to June 2020 in Jordan. A web-based survey was used for recruiting eligible participants. An Arabic version of the validated self-administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaire was used to measure postpartum depression with a cut-off score of ⩾12 which indicates probable depression. Results: A total of 1,071 Jordanian women participated in the study. Of those, 567 women had postpartum depression (52.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that postpartum depression was significantly associated with marital conflict (OR: 4.91; 95% CI: 2.36–10.20), negative attitude from the pregnancy (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45–0.99), unplanned pregnancies (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.16–2.60), lack of social support (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.12–3.32), time from last delivery (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98–1.00), insomnia (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35–0.82), and depression during the pregnancy (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.33–0.78). Most of the participants (65.7%) sought social support to avoid, reduce, or treat postpartum depression. Conclusions: Postpartum depression among Jordanian women was the highest in comparison to that of women in other countries in the region. Therefore, screening for the presence of depressive symptoms should be implemented during regular pregnancy care visits. Social support should be encouraged in order to avoid, reduce, or treat postpartum depression.

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Postpartum depression symptoms in survey-based research: a structural equation analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09999-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Che Wan Jasimah Bt Wan Mohamed Radzi ◽

Hashem Salarzadeh Jenatabadi ◽

Nadia Samsudin

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Postpartum Women ◽

Unhealthy Food ◽

High Level

Abstract Background Since the last decade, postpartum depression (PPD) has been recognized as a significant public health problem, and several factors have been linked to PPD. Mothers at risk are rarely undetected and underdiagnosed. Our study aims to determine the factors leading to symptoms of depression using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. In this research, we introduced a new framework for postpartum depression modeling for women. Methods We structured the model of this research to take into consideration the Malaysian culture in particular. A total of 387 postpartum women have completed the questionnaire. The symptoms of postpartum depression were examined using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and they act as a dependent variable in this research model. Results Four hundred fifty mothers were invited to participate in this research. 86% of the total distributed questionnaire received feedback. The majority of 79.6% of respondents were having depression symptoms. The highest coefficients of factor loading analysis obtained in every latent variable indicator were income (β = 0.77), screen time (β = 0.83), chips (β = 0.85), and anxiety (β = 0.88). Lifestyle, unhealthy food, and BMI variables were directly affected by the dependent variable. Based on the output, respondents with a high level of depression symptoms tended to consume more unhealthy food and had a high level of body mass indexes (BMI). The highest significant impact on depression level among postpartum women was unhealthy food consumption. Based on our model, the findings indicated that 76% of the variances stemmed from a variety of factors: socio-demographics, lifestyle, healthy food, unhealthy food, and BMI. The strength of the exogenous and endogenous variables in this research framework is strong. Conclusion The prevalence of postpartum women with depression symptoms in this study is considerably high. It is, therefore, imperative that postpartum women seek medical help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms from worsening.

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Genome-wide gene expression changes in postpartum depression point towards an altered immune landscape

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01270-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Divya Mehta ◽

Karen Grewen ◽

Brenda Pearson ◽

Shivangi Wani ◽

Leanne Wallace ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Health Concern ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome ◽

Genome Wide Gene Expression

AbstractMaternal postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant public health concern due to the severe negative impact on maternal and child health and well-being. In this study, we aimed to identify genes associated with PPD. To do this, we investigated genome-wide gene expression profiles of pregnant women during their third trimester of pregnancy and tested the association of gene expression with perinatal depressive symptoms. A total of 137 women from a cohort from the University of North Carolina, USA were assessed. The main phenotypes analysed were Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores at 2 months postpartum and PPD (binary yes/no) based on an EPDS cutoff of 10. Illumina NextSeq500/550 transcriptomic sequencing from whole blood was analysed using the edgeR package. We identified 71 genes significantly associated with postpartum depression scores at 2 months, after correction for multiple testing at 5% FDR. These included several interesting candidates including TNFRSF17, previously reported to be significantly upregulated in women with PPD and MMP8, a matrix metalloproteinase gene, associated with depression in a genome-wide association study. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes revealed an enrichment of immune response-related biological processes. Additional analysis of genes associated with changes in depressive symptoms from recruitment to 2 months postpartum identified 66 genes significant at an FDR of 5%. Of these genes, 33 genes were also associated with depressive symptoms at 2 months postpartum. Comparing the results with previous studies, we observed that 15.4% of genes associated with PPD in this study overlapped with 700 core maternal genes that showed significant gene expression changes across multiple brain regions (P = 7.9e-05) and 29–53% of the genes were also associated with estradiol changes in a pharmacological model of depression (P values range = 1.2e-4–2.1e-14). In conclusion, we identified novel genes and validated genes previously associated with oestrogen sensitivity in PPD. These results point towards the role of an altered immune transcriptomic landscape as a vulnerability factor for PPD.

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Incidence of Postpartum Depression and Its Association With Antenatal Psychiatric Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study in 25 Villages of Rural South Karnataka

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1177/0253717621991061 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 025371762199106

Author(s):

Meera George ◽

Avita Rose Johnson ◽

Sulekha T.

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Newborn Care ◽

Care Program

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is the commonest mental health disorder post-childbirth, yet there is a paucity of data in rural areas regarding the actual incidence of PPD, which excludes pre-existing or antenatal depression. To estimate the incidence of PPD among rural women of south Karnataka and identify predictors of PPD, including antenatal psychiatric disorders. Methods: A longitudinal study in 25 villages in south Karnataka among 150 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy using simple random sampling. Baseline data collected and revised Clinical Interview Schedule used to screen antenatal psychiatric disorders. Participants followed-up 6–8 weeks postpartum, end-line data collected, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale administered. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests for association between PPD and covariates. Logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Results: Prevalence of antenatal psychiatric disorders was 15.3%. The incidence of PPD was 11%. A significantly higher proportion of PPD was found among women with adverse events in the last year, low socioeconomic status, and perceived lack of care/support at home. Predictors of PPD were antenatal psychiatric disorders (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.22–5.11; P = 0.028), mothers reporting worry about their infant’s health (AOR = 7.7, 95% CI = 1.22–48.32; P = 0.012) and mothers receiving postpartum care by caregivers other than their own mother (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.13–8.09; P = 0.030). Conclusions: Our study found that one in ten rural women is developing PPD and there is a strong link between PPD and antenatal psychiatric disorders and family factors. This calls for capacity building of general physicians and village-level workers and strengthening of the Home-Based Newborn Care Program, where weekly postpartum home visits by ASHA are an opportunity for screening and counselling mothers.

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Development of Postpartum Depression in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Study

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/9601476 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Li Chen ◽

Xiaodan Wang ◽

Qian Ding ◽

Nan Shan ◽

Hongbo Qi

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Infant Development ◽

Survey Methodology ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Normal Women ◽

Medical University ◽

Support Methods ◽

The Relationship

Background. Postpartum depression (PPD) and preeclampsia (PE) are both common diseases in obstetrics that affect maternal health and infant development. However, the relationship between the two diseases still requires clarification. Objective. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the incidence rate of PPD in patients with PE and (2) identify the association between the prevalence of PPD and the severity of PE. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of women with and without PE who delivered between January 1, 2017, and August 30, 2018, in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. We used a questionnaire survey methodology that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to test the influence of PE on the development of new-onset PPD in the 6 weeks after delivery. We determined PPD based on a score ≥10 on the EPDS. Bivariate analysis was used to compare data between the two groups. Results. A total of 180 women participated in this study. Thirty-five people screened positive for PPD, while the remaining 145 screened negative. The prevalence of PPD was 26.67% (24/90) in patients with PE, which was two times the prevalence in normal women (12.22%). Multiple logistic regression showed that women who had PE had nearly 3-fold increased odds of PPD compared to normal women and the risk of PPD increased with the aggravation of PE. Patients with severe PE had a more than 4-fold increased risk of screening positive for PPD. Conclusion. PE was independently associated with PPD. Furthermore, the risk of PPD seemed to increase with the aggravation of PE. Thus, additional prevention efforts and support methods should be provided for women with PE to reduce the incidence of PPD.

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