Worth(Less)

Ethnicity And Race ◽

The Town ◽

Over Time ◽

Mode Of Production

The small industrial town of Texas, Maryland, employed hundreds of Irish immigrants in the quarrying and burning of limestone during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This chapter by Adam Fracchia examines patterns of value based on categories of class, ethnicity, and race that were influenced by and necessary to ensure the profitability of the quarry industry. Historical records in combination with material culture illustrate shifts in these values over time and the patterns of marginalization that led to the removal of Texans and the destruction of their property. Ultimately, the preservation of the town is governed by similar notions of value tied to the current mode of production and a static perception of the town’s heritage that indirectly supports its continued destruction.

Cemented in Time: Concrete Bungalows designed by Cambridge Architect James Thomas Douce 1914-1928

10.26686/wgtn.17007736 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Jennifer M. Gainsford

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Focal Point ◽

Historical Context ◽

Time Frame ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Historical Records ◽

Design Elements ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

The Town

<p>This study examines the significant architectural commissions of James Thomas Douce in Cambridge and the surrounding districts between1914 and 1928. The major component of the thesis will encompass a historical and an architectural discussion of 15 of his major works that were constructed in concrete. Added to this discourse there will be a conversation around their relationship with the town of Cambridge, the urban environment, contemporises who constructed the vernacular in concrete, the importance of these buildings in their setting. The focal point of the study will highlight Douce’s prowess and contribution as an architect. During the early part of the twentieth century he was at the height of his career when he received commissions from prominent Cambridge identities. An onsite investigation will underscore the exceptional qualities and design of each structure. Attention to the architectural merits, historical context and heritage values of each bungalow will be analysed. The examination of primary and secondary sources will focus on; historical records, the construction and the design elements, how his bungalows contributed to the architectural landscape and what impact Douce’s bungalows had on the Cambridge streetscape during the early1900s. Douce was Cambridge’s most successful architect from 1910 to his retirement in 1945. An honours paper undertaken at Auckland University (2003) established that many vernacular and commercial buildings in the Cambridge District can be attributed to him. This thesis encompasses a time frame that reflects his principal commissions and their relationship in the urban setting of Cambridge.</p>

Edge Effect: Reconnecting Whangarei's City and River

10.26686/wgtn.17019689 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Alicia Lawrie

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Informal Learning ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Beating Heart ◽

Design Solution ◽

The People ◽

People Movement ◽

The City ◽

The Town ◽

<p>Whangarei City has a dying Commercial Centre. This has resulted from population shifts that have occurred over time. Significant issues have driven movement of people toward much larger cities (seeking better economic, cultural and social outcomes) and more spacious urban fringes (seeking improved environmental outcomes). The Whangarei CBD incorporates both the dying Commercial Centre and a thriving Town Basin which is the centre for Arts and Recreation within the city. The two areas are a juxtaposition. The investigation reveals reasons why two such contrasting areas exist and defines a design solution that seeks to resolve this and leverages the success of the Town Basin to revive the Commercial Centre. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ways that architecture can be used to invigorate Whangarei’s dying Commercial Centre by creating a place of activity, engagement and informal learning and by re-establishing the important connection Whangarei has with its river as well as other positives within the city. Thesis objectives: • Identify the reasons for the decline of the Commercial Centre and the success of the Town Basin and how a connection can be established between the two. • Establish a beating heart within the dying Commercial Centre and provide a life source in the form of people movement into the centre from all parts of the city. • Provide dynamic spaces which encourage informal learning, social interaction, playfulness and creativity that will engage the people of Whangarei including youth and children. • Use the natural environment as a means of engaging people of all ages by weaving together water, a restored ecology and architecture.</p>

‘Polish-Lithuanian’ archaeological materials from the excavations of the town of Tara

VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII ◽

10.20874/2071-0437-2021-53-2-7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 83-90

Author(s):

S.F. Tataurov ◽

S.S. Tikhonov

Keyword(s):

Western Siberia ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Outward Appearance ◽

The West ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Archaeological Materials ◽

The Town ◽

Coats Of Arms ◽

Special Category ◽

In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the con-clusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and bap-tismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Rus-sians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.

Making things on the side: creativity at a time of institutional decline

Hot Metal ◽

10.7228/manchester/9781784994341.003.0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jesse Adams Stein

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Material Culture ◽

English Language ◽

Work Time ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Language Studies ◽

The Commons ◽

Institutional Decline ◽

Customary Practices ◽

A ‘foreign order’ is an industrial colloquialism referring to a practice whereby workers produce objects at work – using factory materials and work time – without authorisation. This is an under-explored but global phenomenon that many names, including homers, side productions, government jobs, and la perruque. There are silences about these clandestine acts of creative production in English-language studies. This chapter considers this practice from the interdisciplinary perspective of labour history and material culture studies. Using oral and archival sources, the chapter traces the ancestry of foreign orders to seventeenth century English customary practices of the Commons. It provides an account of a playful and creative culture of pranks and making in a printing factory, and identifies the workers’ motivations for creating foreign orders. Finally, the chapter explains how the making of foreign orders became more overt and politicised over time, as workers sensed their insecurity. This practice of making ‘on the side’ enabled print-workers a degree of agency and the ability to narrativise their own plight.

Introduction

The People Are King ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195161601.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

S. Elizabeth Penry

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Political Legitimacy ◽

The Political ◽

Religious Institutions ◽

Common People ◽

New Towns ◽

The Common ◽

Planned Towns ◽

The Town ◽

In the sixteenth century, Spaniards forcibly resettled Andeans into planned towns called reducciones. Andeans adapted the political and religious institutions of the new towns, the cabildo (town council) and the cofradías (confraternities), and made them their own, organizing them by the Andean social form, the ayllu. Over time, political legitimacy and authority within towns was transferred from traditional native hereditary lords, the caciques, to the common people of the town, who called themselves the común. Although a Spanish word, común took on Andean meaning as it was the word used to translate terms for collective land and the collective people of a town. It became a recognized shorthand for a political philosophy empowering common people. In the late eighteenth-century era of Atlantic Revolutions, the común rose up against its caciques, in an Enlightenment-from-below moment of popular sovereignty.

Introduction

Crying the News ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Vincent DiGirolamo

Keyword(s):

Working Class ◽

Dual Careers ◽

Spirit Of Capitalism ◽

Formative Experiences ◽

Child Street ◽

The Relationship ◽

Major Industry ◽

Selling and delivering newspapers was one of the first and most formative experiences of America’s youth throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, yet its history has been obscured by myth and mired in cliché. Crying the News takes the job of newspaper peddling seriously as work and not just as an object of romance or reform. It shows how child street labor changed over time in practice and in perception, while remaining integral to the survival of working-class families, the socialization of their children, and the fortunes of a major industry. Boys and girls found both opportunity and exploitation in the news trade, and they came to personify the spirit of capitalism and its discontents. This book aims not simply to distinguish history from myth but to explore the relationship between the two—to dissect how newsboys’ dual careers as workers and symbols shaped each other, creating wealth for some and meaning for many.

Material Expressions of Religious Culture

Religion, Hypermobility and Digital Media in Global Asia ◽

10.5117/9789463728935_ch03 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Hickey-Moody ◽

Marissa Willcox

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Focus Group ◽

Material Culture ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Religious Culture ◽

Historical Records ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Complex Information ◽

Community Perspectives

Materiality communicates complex information, often about the perspectives of people whose voices are silenced, or left off historical records. Material cultures provide indirect archives of such social histories, values and feelings. Examining the expressive qualities of material culture, we draw on data from the trans-national research project ‘Interfaith Childhoods’. This project generates and documents community perspectives on faith, identity and belonging. In response to our data generated through arts workshops with children and focus group discussions with parents, we develop a theoretical framework which observes how the materiality of religion can shape the ways young people and their parents build relationships with those from different religions. Here, we theorise how our empirical evidence makes a case for thinking through visual and material cultures of religion.

Union and its Challengers in the United Kingdom

State and Nation in the United Kingdom ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198841371.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 21-36

Author(s):

Michael Keating

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

United Kingdom ◽

The State ◽

Clear Distinction ◽

World War Two ◽

World War ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽

The United Kingdom was created over time without a clear plan. Creation of the state largely coincided with the creation of the Empire so that there was not a clear distinction between the two. The union preserved many of the elements of the pre-union component parts, but was kept together by the principle of unitary parliamentary sovereignty. Within the union, the distinct nationalities developed in the modern period and produced nationalist movements. Most of these aimed at devolution within the state, but some demanded separation. Management of these demands was a key task of statecraft in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the post-World War Two era, the nationalities question appeared to have gone away but it returned in the 1970s. Devolution settlements at the end of the twentieth century represented a move to stabilize the union on new terms.

Commodity Production and Indigenous Institutions in Southeast Asian Long-Run Economic Development

International Review of Social History ◽

10.1017/s0020859020000528 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 481-494

Author(s):

Pim de Zwart

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Long Run ◽

Indigenous Institutions ◽

Client Relationships ◽

Commodity Export ◽

Economic Growth Rates ◽

Mode Of Production

AbstractThe Making of a Periphery makes three important claims. First, commodity export production does not necessarily result in peripheralization, which is defined as economic stagnation, depressed wages and impoverishment. Second, peripheralization is instead influenced by the specific mode of production of export commodities. Third, the mode of production is crucially determined by demographic growth and patron-client relationships. This essay investigates these claims using a variety of economic and demographic data on Southeast Asia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is shown that specialization in primary commodity exports does lower long-term economic growth rates and that indigenous institutions regarding family systems and property rights play an important role in the patterns of economic development.

The walled town of Dyrrachium (Durres): settlement and dynamics

Journal of Roman Archaeology ◽

10.1017/s104775940002002x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 390-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Gutteridge ◽

A. Hoti ◽

H. R. Hurst

Keyword(s):

Communist Regime ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Urban Dynamic ◽

Adriatic Coast ◽

Arable Farmland ◽

Rising Sea Levels ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Town ◽

Durres (at various times in the past known as Epidamnos, Dyrrachium and Dyrrachion) lies on the Adriatic coast of Albania, c.35 km west of Tirana. The town has been continuously occupied, in some form or other, at least since the Archaic Greek period. Today it presents itself to the modern traveller arriving across the Adriatic as a busy and rapidly changing port. The relationship of the town with the sea has shaped its urban dynamic in ways which, as yet, are imperfectly understood. Modern Durres lies at the S tip of a peninsula c.10 km in length. The land to the northwest of the town is hilly, and this terrain extends as far as the ancient remains known as Porto Romano, c.7 km north of the town. The land northeast of the town is flat and low-lying, currently arable farmland criss-crossed by small irrigation canals (fig. 1). It was drained and reclaimed from marshland under the Communist régime. The overall impression of the topography around Durres (fig. 2) is that the area of high ground had once been an island, detached from the mainland or joined only by a sandbar, and that this relationship has fluctuated over time as a result of small seismic shifts, rising sea levels, and other factors. Any understanding of the town over time has to be placed against as accurate as possible an understanding of these and other features of what is a rapidly changing environment.