Women Not Successful Here

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Carol Damian
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women Artists ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cuban Art ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Art Academies

Art historian Carol Damian laments the scarcity of Cuban women artists from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. Damian explains that this trend was based on both women’s traditional exclusion from art academies and exhibition circuits and difficulties in traveling abroad and establishing their own studios. Yet she documents the work of eight major women artists during the first half of the twentieth century in Cuba, including Mirta Cerra and Gina Pellón. Most of these artists were associated with the San Alejandro Academy of Fine Arts in Havana, participated in numerous exhibitions, and received critical acclaim during their lifetime. However, most critics now neglect them—except for Amelia Peláez—in favor of the canonized male leaders of the Cuban vanguardia. Damian concludes with a call for further research and reflection on the careers of lesser-known female figures and their contributions to Cuban art before and after the country’s independence in 1902.

Gurusand Gifting:Dana, themathreform campaign, and competing visions of Hindusangathanin twentieth-century India

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALAVIKA KASTURI
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
North India ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Before And After

AbstractFrom the early twentieth century, Hindu socio-religious and political bodies debated the use thatmaths(monastic establishments) made of their wealth, amassed in large part throughdana(socio religious gifts). From the early nineteenth century, Anglo Hindu law on inheritance, and thereafter the Religious and Charitable Endowments Acts, had enabled the autonomy ofmathsby classifying them as private religious corporations, not charitable endowments. This article suggests that themathreform campaign between 1920 and 1940 in north India was impelled by the preoccupations of heterogeneous Hindu political and socio-religious organizations withdanaand its potential to fund cultural and political projects regenerating an imagined Hindu socio-religious community. Specifically, the Hindu Mahasabha yokeddanato its Hindusangathan(unity) campaign to strategically craft an integrated ‘Hindu public’ transcendingsampraday(religious traditions) to protect its interests from ‘external enemies’. My discussion probes how the Hindu Mahasabha and its ‘reformist’ allies urged the conversion ofmathsinto public charitable trusts, or endowments accountable to an ephemeral ‘Hindu public’ and the regulation of their expenditure. Monastic orders,guru-based associations like the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala, and the majority of orthodox Hindus successfully opposed this campaign, defending the interests ofmathsandsampradaybefore and after independence. In so doing, they challenged Hindusangathanby articulating alternative visions of the socio-religious publics and communities to be revitalized through philanthropy. Through this discussion, the article charts the uneasy relationship between monasticism and an emerging Hindu nationalist cultural and political consciousness that remained fractured and internally contested.

scholarly journals Irish Gymnasts on Tour: The Women’s League and Women’s Exercise in 1940s Ireland

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Conor Heffernan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
The One

In 1949 the Irish branch of the Women’s League of Health and Beauty travelled to Stockholm, Sweden to take part in the second annual Lingiad Festival. Created the previous decade to celebrate the gymnastic system of Per Henrik Ling established in the early nineteenth-century, the Festival was a multisporting cultural event open to groups from around the world. One such group was the Women’s League of Health and Beauty. Founded in London in 1930 by the Irish-born Mary Bagot Stack, the League marked the decade’s most expansive form of exercise for women. Owing to the League’s Irish connection, the first League branch came to Belfast in 1930 and was followed by a Dublin branch some years later. Open to women across the life cycle, the League was targeted at both the working woman and the stay-at-home mother. Where previous studies have examined the creation of the League in Ireland, this piece focuses on the League’s appearance at the 1949 Lingiad. Despite numerous appeals for government funding, the League was forced to raise its own funds for the trip, a point which rankled many journalists both before and after the tournament. There was an inherent tension in the League’s involvement. On the one hand, it offered new opportunities for female exercise and provided a fillip for further engagement. That withstanding, the ongoing difficulties experienced by the League in actually making it to Lingiad highlighted the secondary, and often forgotten, nature of women’s exercise in Ireland at this time. Using memoirs, film and newspaper articles, the piece positions the League’s Lingiad trip as symbolic of both the advances and restrictions inherent in women’s exercise in mid twentieth-century Ireland.

Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western India ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
Free Church ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Church

This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.

Harmonious Investigators of Nature: Music and the Persona of the German Naturforscher in the Nineteenth Century

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myles Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Choral Society ◽  
Scientific Identity ◽  
German Association

ArgumentDuring the early nineteenth century, the German Association of Investigators of Nature and Physicians (Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte) drew upon the cultural resource of choral-society songs as a way to promote male camaraderie and intellectual collaboration. Investigators of nature and physicians wished to forge a unified, scientific identity in the absence of a national one, and music played a critical role in its establishment. During the 1820s and 30s, Liedertafel and folk songs formed a crucial component of their annual meetings. The lyrics of these tunes, whose melodies were famous folk songs, were rewritten to reflect the lives of investigators of nature and physicians. Indeed, the singing of these Liedertafel songs played an important part in the cultivation of the Naturforschers’ persona well into the twentieth century.

From Home to Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
Agnes Arnold-Forster
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Patient Voice ◽  
Middlesex Hospital ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter explores the senses and emotions that attended living with and dying from cancer in the early nineteenth century. The archives of The Middlesex Hospital consist of registers of cancer patients from 1792 through to the twentieth century, and a potted selection of casebooks. This chapter, therefore, tells the stories of sixty patients from 1805 to 1836. From these case notes, flesh and blood can be added to the lived experience of cancer and go some way towards recovering the patient voice. We can follow in their footsteps from home to hospital, and in multiple literal and metaphorical ways appreciate the distances they travelled in their ‘cancer journeys’.

The Theology of the Scottish Protestant Missionary Movement

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Post War

In any survey of influential British missionary thinkers, Scottish names would occupy a prominent place. The Scottish contribution was not confined to those who served with the missions of the Presbyterian churches: some influential Scottish missionaries served with English societies, and some were not even Presbyterians. Nevertheless, five generalizations can be offered: (1) Scots Presbyterians opted to do mission through ecclesiastical structures, rather than through voluntary societies. (2) Scottish Presbyterian missions aimed to bring the entire life of Christian communities under the rule of Christ. (3) Scottish missionaries tended to insist that education was integral to the missionary task. (4) Scottish missionaries trained in the early nineteenth century drew deeply from the Scottish Enlightenment. (5) From the late nineteenth century, Scottish (like English) missionary theology was affected by philosophical idealism, though the mid-twentieth-century ascendancy of Barthianism may have helped to sustain the Scottish missionary movement in the turbulent post-war environment.

scholarly journals From Aristocratic to Ordinary: Shifting Modes of Elite Distinction

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Friedman ◽  
Aaron Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Participation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Elite Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

How do elites signal their superior social position via the consumption of culture? We address this question by drawing on 120 years of “recreations” data ( N = 71,393) contained within Who’s Who, a unique catalogue of the British elite. Our results reveal three historical phases of elite cultural distinction: first, a mode of aristocratic practice forged around the leisure possibilities afforded by landed estates, which waned significantly in the late-nineteenth century; second, a highbrow mode dominated by the fine arts, which increased sharply in the early-twentieth century before gently receding in the most recent birth cohorts; and, third, a contemporary mode characterized by the blending of highbrow pursuits with everyday forms of cultural participation, such as spending time with family, friends, and pets. These shifts reveal changes not only in the contents of elite culture but also in the nature of elite distinction, in particular, (1) how the applicability of emulation and (mis)recognition theories has changed over time, and (2) the emergence of a contemporary mode that publicly emphasizes everyday cultural practice (to accentuate ordinariness, authenticity, and cultural connection) while retaining many tastes that continue to be (mis)recognized as legitimate.

Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers. By George W. Hilton. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 364, $75.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
Diane Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Transportation Studies

The author, a retired UCLA economist, has written a number of highly specialized transportation studies. In his Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers much as in his Great Lakes Car Ferries and American Narrow Gauge Railroads, George W. Hinton acknowledges that “the principle purpose is to provide antiquarian scholarship” (p. xi). Here we learn about the wooden and steel, sailing and steam ships that operated on Lake Michigan from the early nineteenth century until well into the twentieth century. Although some attention is devoted to the interlake trade, the passenger lines that draw most of the author's attention are those that served Lake Michigan points exclusively.

scholarly journals Tracing the origins of verlan in an early nineteenth century text?

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
XAVIER BACH
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Early Evidence

ABSTRACTThis article examines early attestations of verlan and related backward slangs in French in the nineteenth century. Its main contribution is the edition and analysis of the only known text, a letter, written with features of verlan before the twentieth century. This largely predates other attested forms of verlan. The principles underlying this early form of verlan are shown to be different from contemporary verlan, as is much other early evidence, though all forms have the syllable as their basic unit. The letter is evidence that backward slangs can originate in the education system as much as in the underworld of thieves.

scholarly journals “Blood Is a Very Special Juice”: Racialized Bodies and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Germany

1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (S7) ◽  
pp. 149-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima El Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nationality Law

The 1999 plan of the Social Democratic government to adjust Germany's 1913 nationality law has generated an intensely emotional debate. In an unprecedented action, the opposition Christian Democrats managed to gather hundreds of thousands of signatures against the adjustment that would have granted citizenship to second generation “immigrants” born in Germany. At the end of the twentieth century, Germans still strongly cling to the principle ofjus sanguinis. The idea that nationality is not connected ot place of birth or culture but rather to a “national essence” tJiat is somehow incorporated in the subject's blood has been strong in Germany since the early nineteenth century and has been especially decisive for the country's twentieth-century history.

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