scholarly journals Natural Polonium-210 in Bivalve Species in Peninsular Malaysia Waters as Recent Pollution Indicator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurhanisah Zakri ◽  
Che Abd Rahim Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Bivalve Species ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
Anadara Granosa

Po-210 is an alpha rays emitter in U-238 decay series and a natural radionuclide found in the ocean, and bivalve is the best biological indicator compared to the other organisms because of their feeding methods that are filter-feeding and suspension-feeding. They are able to accumulate toxic substances from marine environment in their tissue and researches were conducted in edible tissues of Meretrix meretrix, Perna virid, Glauconome virens, Anadara granosa, Anadara ovalis, Pholas orientalis, Donax sp., Polymesoda bengalensis, Phapia undulata, and Tellina virgate. Result showed Po-210 activity distributions were ranging from 2.61 ± 1.50 to 517.46 ± 56.64 Bq/kg. The lowest value of Po-210 activity recorded in Anadara granosa and the highest value recorded in Donax sp. Small-sized of bivalve species contained higher Po-210 activity than the larger one. Higher Po-210 contents in bivalve obtained from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia might be closely related to anthropogenic factors from the coastline. This study also found that Donax sp. is able to be a good indicator of environmental pollutants as it accumulates Po-210 in higher concentrations than other bivalve species. Donax sp. can be found in several parts of Malaysia and available in large quantities but it appears to be seasonal. While for seafood safety monitoring, Anadara granosa is capable of becoming a good benchmark for seafood security as it found in most parts of Malaysia. It is not seasonal and a kind of Malaysian favorite seafood.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding Child Development

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Pollitt ◽  
Patricia Kariger
Keyword(s):  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Mental Test Score ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Long Chain

The literature reviewed in this article suggests that breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development. Studies comparing the effects of early feeding methods on cognition consistently show mental test score advantages for breastfed infants over bottlefed subjects. Also, breastfeeding may function as a buffer against adverse developmental outcomes from early traumatic events such as low birthweight or neurologic insults. It is recognized that breastmilk contains long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary for the normal development of the retina and cerebrum. Yet, breastfeeding may not always promote optimal development in children. Infants breastfed by mothers using alcohol or marijuana have lower scores on developmental tests. Thus, while breastfeeding has the potential for contributing to the healthy development of infants, it may also be capable of transferring toxic substances known to interfere with normal development.

scholarly journals Fundamental Investigations on Analytical Methods and Biological Indicator for Monitoring Systems of Environmental Pollutants

1985 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-599_1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi KASHIMOTO ◽  
Hideaki MIYATA ◽  
Shigehiko FUKUSHIMA ◽  
Katsuyoshi KUWABARA ◽  
Ryoichi TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Monitoring Systems

Study on FAIMS ion source control and optimization using over-electric field

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2050127
Author(s):  
Lunchao Zhong ◽  
Tao Gong ◽  
Hui Ma ◽  
Wenyan Shi ◽  
Peirong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Core Technology

Ion source provides sample ions for FAIMS. The key technology is ionization method. Efficient ionization of analytes is the core technology for data acquisition in high quality FAIMS systems. In order to long-distance detect and analyze harmful and toxic substances such as explosives, drugs, chemical reagents and environmental pollutants in an open environment, without pretreatment, real-time and on-line, the ion source control and its technical device using excessive electric field were designed and developed. The disadvantages of high flow rate of APCI and low flow rate of ESI are integrated, based on the chemical analysis principle of FAIMS, an experimental platform of ionization technology based on excessive electric field is proposed and designed, which mainly includes: ion focusing system, flat-panel migration zone with focusing structure, sample integration, etc. The experimental results show that the ion source based on excessive electric field can be widely used in biochemical weapon warning, drug tablet detection, environmental monitoring, food and drug detection and clinical medicine, and the detection limit can reach 0.1 ppm.

scholarly journals Early detection of cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticide pollution based on locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12703
Author(s):  
Binjie Wang ◽  
Junhao Zhu ◽  
Anli Wang ◽  
Jiye Wang ◽  
Yuanzhao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Aquatic Contamination ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
The Military

Cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticides are highly toxic substances widely used in agriculture and industry. These toxicants are neuro- and organotoxic to mammals at low concentrations, thus early detection of these chemicals in the aqueous environment is of utmost importance. Here, we employed the behavioral toxicity test with wildtype zebrafish larvae to determine sublethal concentrations of the above mentioned common environmental pollutants. After optimizing the test with cyanide, nine rodenticides and an organophosphate were successfully tested. The compounds dose-dependently initially (0–60-min exposure) stimulated locomotor activity of larvae but induced toxicity and reduced swimming during 60–120-min exposure. IC50 values calculated based on swimming distance after 2-h exposure, were between 0.1 and 10 mg/L for both first-generation and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Three behavioral characteristics, including total distance travelled, sinuosity and burst count, were quantitatively analyzed and compared by hierarchical clustering of the effects measured by each three parameters. The toxicity results for all three behavioral endpoints were consistent, suggesting that the directly measured parameter of cumulative swimming distance could be used as a promising biomarker for the aquatic contamination. The optimized method herein showed the potential for utilization as part of a monitoring system and an ideal tool for the risk assessment of drinking water in the military and public safety.

scholarly journals Analysis of the ecological condition of water and bottom substrates of the lower Dniester by the method of biotesting on microalgae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Semenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants ◽  
Desmodesmus Communis

In the autumn-spring periods 2018 - 2020. biotesting of water and bottom sediments of the lower Dniester and Ukrainian coastal waters of the Dniester region of the Black Sea was carried out by biotesting on a laboratory culture of planktonic algae Desmodesmus communis. The assessment of the ecological and toxicological situation and a comparative analysis of indicators of the level of pollution of the ecosystem of the “lower reaches of the Dniester” testify to the chronic pollution of this ecosystem by dangerous toxicants, acute toxicity occurs only during peak periods, while chronic toxicity is constantly manifested. It was found that in the overwhelming majority of water areas with different nature of anthropogenic factors and anthropogenic load, there were no toxic substances. Hazardous pollutants were more often found in the surface water layer of the zones affected by urban wastewaters on the Ukrainian coast of the Dniester region of the Black Sea.

scholarly journals Sediment as a Potential Pool for Lipophilic Marine Phycotoxins with the Case Study of Daya Bay of China

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Sen Du ◽  
Zhuoru Lin ◽  
Yanyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Daya Bay ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Sampling Times

Marine sediments can reserve many environmental pollutants. Lipophilic marine phycotoxins (LMPs) are natural toxic substances widespread in the marine environment; however, evidence of their existence in sediment is scarce. In the present study, in order to explore the occurrence and distribution characteristics of LMPs in sediment, surface sediment samples collected from a tropical area of Daya Bay (DYB) at different seasons, were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). According to the results, up to six toxin compounds were detected in sediment samples from DYB, OA and DTX1 had the highest levels, followed by PTX2, homo-YTX, AZA2, and GYM. Although AZA2 and GYM were found in most of the sediment, OA, DTX1, homo-YTX, and PTX2 were the predominant toxin compounds, and PTX2 was the most ubiquitous toxin in sediment. The spatial distribution of LMP components in the sediment fluctuated with sampling times, partially according to the physical–chemical parameters of the sediment. There are likely several sources for LMPs existing in surface sediments, but it is difficult to determine contributions of a specific toxin-source in the sediment. Therefore, marine sediments may be a toxin reservoir for LMPs accumulation in benthic organisms via food chains.

EXOGENOUS FACTORS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Genetically Determined

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative multifactorial disease characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Potential risk factors include exposure to environmental toxic substances, aging processes and genetic mutations. 5­15% of all the cases are genetically determined PD. In this regard, the role of environmental factors in the development of the PD neurodegenerative process becomes particularly important. However, in most cases, the interaction of environmental and genetic factors (gene­environment interaction), apparently, appears to be the cause of PD development. At the cellular level, the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease are associated with a violation of alpha­synuclein conformation and the formation of Lewy bodies, the development of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial and protease dysfunction. This review examines the molecular mechanisms of toxic effects of various environmental pollutants that can lead neurodegenerative process and PD development: pesticides, metals, solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls and nanoparticles. The study of complex pathophysiological interactions between potential neurotoxins determining the risk of dopaminergic neurons damage and preventive neuroprotectors is one of the most perspective areas in development of PD treatment.

Changes in the basic ionic composition and other parameters of the Aral Sea and the Dead Sea waters during their drying

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Alexander Izhitskiy ◽  
Isaak Gertman ◽  
Evgeniy Yakushev ◽  
Peter Zavialov
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Dead

<p>In terms of water mass, salt lakes occupy 104 000 km3 (47 % of the total water volume of all lakes on the Earth), which is only slightly below that of fresh water lakes - 125 000 km3 (53%). Their waters are of certain economic importance, since they are used as raw materials for the extraction of valuable components and for therapeutic purposes. They also have a great influence on climate formation in the region. The drying out of the lakes entails an increase climate continentality. It also leads to an increase of frequency of dust and salt storms and storms that carry toxic substances over long distances from the source. This negatively affects public health. The drying of the Aral and Dead Seas is one of the largest environmental disasters of the 20th century. The reasons for their drying out are both natural such as global warming and aridization and anthropogenic factors such as diversions of river flows for the economic needs of the population of the regions. A sharp decrease in river runoff leads to a rapid drop in sea level, as well as to sharp interannual changes in the thermohaline structure and chemical composition of water. The annual runoff of the rivers has long ceased to fulfill the water resources of these water bodies.<br>We report the results of water sampling campaigns conducted in the Aral Sea (2014-2019) and the Dead Sea (2017-2019). The main ionic composition, salinity, density and other parameters of the waters of the Aral and the Dead Seas were obtained. We compare the hydrochemical characteristics of these water bodies and their changes during with historical data and with each other. The studied natural water bodies are terminal lakes, characterized by high salinity of water, which is many times higher than the salinity of ocean waters. The ratios of the main ions in the studied sources differ significantly between water bodies, as well as from similar ratios in the oceans. We determined ionic composition of these water samples using potentiometric titrator Titrando 905 (Metrohm). The density of samples was determined by the density meter DMA 5000M (Anton Paar). Currently, the Aral Sea is a complex of separate residual lakes with diverging hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics. The Dead Sea today is divided into two basins, the southern part of which is used for industrial purposes. Significant changes of the ionic composition of water with time were registered in both lakes. However, in the waters of the Aral Sea, these processes are much more intense and rapid than those in than the waters of the Dead Sea.</p>

scholarly journals Mass mortality event of the blood cockle, Anadara granosa, in aquaculture ground along Selangor coast, Peninsular Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Yurimoto ◽  
Faizul Mohd Kassim ◽  
Reiko Fuseya ◽  
Alias Man
Keyword(s):  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Mortality Event ◽  
Mass Mortality Event ◽  
Blood Cockle ◽  
Anadara Granosa

scholarly journals Influence of mercury on the human and animal organism

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (94) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
I. G. Yaroshovych ◽  
B. P. Tchaikovskyj ◽  
B. M. Mykychak ◽  
T. S. Yaroshovych
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Mercury Poisoning ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Brain

In the list of environmental pollutants, mercury is one of the first places. It is mercury, its inorganic and especially organic compounds belong to extremely toxic substances of the first class of danger.Mercury has been known since ancient times, it is mentioned in the writings of Aristotle, Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius and other ancient scholars. The Latin name for this metal is “Hydrargium”, given to mercury by Greek physician Dioscorides (1st century B.C.), means in translation “silver water”. The most important and ancient in Ukraine is the Mykytiv mercury deposit, which was opened in 1879. and operated since 1885. Production of mercury until 1914 was 300–400 t/year (most of it was exported). After the revolution and the war it was slowly recovered (127 tons in 1926), in 1935–1940 it is annually brought to about 300 tons. After the Second World War, the Mykytiv deposit was built. Discovered in it reserves (up to a depth of 300 m) were evaluated in 6.000 tons in 1927, after deep drilling was introduced in the 1960s. they have increased slightly. In the world economy, mercury is widely used in the electrical engineering and instrument industry, laboratory and medical practice, in the production of chlorine/alkali, in agriculture (included in fertilizers), in small-scale mining of gold and silver and other fields. No other chemical element belonging to the first class of danger has such wide use in production processes, products, substances and such multivariate penetration into the organism (with air, food, water, through the skin) as mercury and its compounds. The main source of mercury poisoning is mercury vapor and dust of mercury compounds. The toxicity of metallic mercury is due to the fact that while inhaling its vapors more than 80 % of the mercury is absorbed by the brain, kidneys and other internal organs, leading to he devastating consequences primarily on the central nervous system and kidneys. Mercury semi withdrawal period from humans is from 35 to 96 days. The average semi withdrawal period from the blood is 65 days, from hair 72 days, in total from the organism - 76 days. A longer semi withdrawal period of mercury from the brain than from other organs has been recorded in experimental animal searches. In humans, high levels of mercury in brain tissue were detected 10 years after it ceased contact with a toxic substance. Mercury poisoning can be acute or chronic. In everyday life, most often find the second option.

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