scholarly journals Oral Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Xiao ◽  
Zhou Wang

Oral cancer is a frequent head and neck cancer in developing countries and some developed world. According to the World Health Organization classification 2017, oral cancer influences the anatomical subsites including buccal mucosa, the anterior two-third of the tongue, lip, palate, vestibule, alveolus, floor of the mouth, and gingivae. A variety of premalignant lesions are related with the development of oral cancer, such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, et al. The predominant histological type of oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Tobacco and alcohol consumption are regarded as critical etiological factors. Due to the unspecific symptoms in early stage, the majority are diagnosed in advanced stages. Despite the development of medicine over decades, the mortality rate of oral cancer remains high, indicating the importance of optimized treatment and screening strategies.

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2536
Author(s):  
Sophie M. Briffa

Plastics are considered one of the most serious environmental global concerns as they are ubiquitous and contribute to the build-up of pollution. In August 2020, the BBC reported that scientists found 12–21 million tonnes of tiny plastic fragments floating in the Atlantic Ocean. After release into the environment, plastics from consumer items, such as cosmetics and biomedical products, are subject to degradation and break down into microplastics (<5 mm in diameter) and eventually into nanoplastics (<100 nm in at least one dimension). Given their global abundance and environmental persistence, exposure of humans and animals to these micro- and nano- plastics is unavoidable. “We urgently need to know more about the health impact of microplastics because they are everywhere”, says Dr Maria Neira, Director at the World Health Organization. Nanoplastics are also an emerging environmental concern as little is known about their generation, degradation, transformation, ageing, and transportation. Owing to their small size, nanoplastics can be trapped by filter-feeding organisms and can enter the food chain at an early stage. Therefore, there is a gap in the knowledge that vitally needs to be addressed. This minireview considers how nanoplastic research can be made more quantifiable through traceable and trackable plastic particles and more environmentally realistic by considering the changes over time. It considers how nanoplastic research can use industrially realistic samples and be more impactful by incorporating the ecological impact.


2021 ◽  
pp. 2740-2747
Author(s):  
Ehsan Ali Al-Zubaidi ◽  
Maad M. Mijwil

     The coronavirus is a family of viruses that cause different dangerous diseases that lead to death. Two types of this virus have been previously found: SARS-CoV, which causes a severe respiratory syndrome, and MERS-CoV, which causes a respiratory syndrome in the Middle East. The latest coronavirus, originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan, is known as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a new kind of coronavirus that can harm people and was first discovered in Dec. 2019. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people infected with this serious disease has reached more than seven million people from all over the world. In Iraq, the number of people infected has reached more than twenty-two thousand people until April 2020. In this article, we have applied convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) for the detection of the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) coronavirus images that assist medical staffs in hospitals on categorization chest CT-coronavirus images at an early stage. The ConvNets are able to automatically learn and extract features from the medical image dataset. The objective of this study is to train the GoogleNet ConvNet architecture, using the COVID-CT dataset, to classify 425 CT-coronavirus images. The experimental results show that the validation accuracy of GoogleNet in training the dataset is 82.14% with an elapsed time of 74 minutes and 37 seconds.


PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. Dhamad ◽  
Muna A. Abdal Rhida

Since COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization in early 2020, many countries, organizations and companies have tried to find the best way to diagnose the virus and contain its spreading. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single RNA (+ssRNA) coronavirus and mainly spreads through droplets, respiratory secretions, and direct contact. The early detection of the virus plays a central role in lowering COVID19 incidents and mortality rates. Thus, finding a simple, accurate, cheap and quick detection approach for SARS-CoV-2 at early stage of the viral infection is urgent and at high demand all around the world. The Food and Drug Administration and other health agencies have declared Emergency Use Authorization to develop diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and fulfill the demand. However, not all developed methods are appropriate and selecting a suitable method is challenging. Among all detection methods, rRT-PCR is the gold standard method. Unlike molecular methods, serological methods lack the ability of early detection with low accuracy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about COVID-19 detection methods aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of molecular and serological methods.


Author(s):  
Élika Cardoso Soares ◽  
Bartolomeu Conceição Bastos Neto ◽  
Lília Paula De Souza Santos

Introdução: O câncer de boca representa 3% dos casos de câncer no mundo, levando em consideração todos os tipos de câncer. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), para o ano de 2030 a estimativa de casos novos está em torno de 27 milhões. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de indivíduos com câncer de boca atendidos em hospitais de referência do Brasil nos anos de 2005 a 2014, comparando as diferenças entre as regiões do Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, que analisou informações provenientes do Sistema Nacional de Informações de Registros Hospitalares do Câncer (SisRHC). Resultados: O estudo mostrou que a maior prevalência da doença ocorreu em indivíduos do sexo masculino (80,19%). Na faixa etária de 55 a 64 anos (30,64%), cor branca (48,5%) e de baixa escolaridade (48,75%). A localização anatômica mais comum do tumor foi a língua (26,23%), seguida da base da língua (16,67%). O estadiamento mais frequente foi o IV (62,24%). Em relação a distribuição dos casos de câncer de boca, a região Sudeste se destaca com 52,78%, seguida da região Nordeste com 22,26%. Conclusão: A partir da análise dos dados foi possível concluir que a maioria dos pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de boca no Brasil eram do sexo masculino, cor branca, idade superior a 55 anos, lesões localizadas na língua e ventre da língua ou assoalho de boca e baixa escolaridade. As regiões Nordeste e Sudeste se destacam por apresentar maior numero casos da doença.  A partir do conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico, sugere-se intensificar as políticas públicas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento para populações especificas, a fim de modificar o quadro do perfil, uma vez que já foram identificados neste estudo.Descritores: Neoplasias bucais, Registros hospitalares, Epidemiologia descritiva.AbstractIntroduction: Mouth cancer accounts for 3% of all cancer cases in the world, taking into account all types of cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by the year 2030 the estimate of new cases is around 27 million. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of individuals with oral cancer treated at reference hospitals in Brazil from 2005 to 2014, comparing the differences between the regions of Brazil. Method: This is a descriptive, retrospective study that analyzed information from the National Information System of Cancer Hospital Records (SisRHC). Results: The study showed that the highest prevalence of the disease occurred in males (80.19%). In the age group of 55 to 64 years (30.64%), white (48.5%) and low education (48.75%). The most common anatomical location of the tumor was the tongue (26.23%), followed by the tongue base (16.67%). The most frequent staging was IV (62.24%). Regarding the distribution of oral cancer cases, the Southeast region stands out with 52.78%, followed by the Northeast region with 22.26%. Conclusion: Based on data analysis, it was possible to conclude that the majority of patients diagnosed with oral cancer in Brazil were male, white, older than 55 years, lesions located on the tongue and floor of the tongue and low level of schooling. The Northeastern and Southeastern regions stand out because they present more cases of the disease. From the knowledge of the epidemiological profile, it is suggested to intensify the public policies of prevention, diagnosis and treatment for specific populations, in order to modify the profile picture, since they were already identified in this study. Key words: Mouth neoplasms, Hospital records, Epidemiology descriptive. 


Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 836
Author(s):  
Sagheer Ahmed ◽  
Saeed Khan ◽  
Imran Imran ◽  
Fadwa Al Mughairbi ◽  
Fahad Sultan Sheikh ◽  
...  

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 288 vaccines against COVID-19 are being developed, with an estimated 184 being presently investigated in the pre-clinical phases, while 104 of these vaccine candidates are at various stages of clinical trials. Twelve of these are in the advanced stages of clinical investigation, and promising results in the phase 3 trials have already paved the way for their regulatory approval and subsequent dissemination for global use. Preliminary and interim results of some of these candidate vaccines are being analyzed for public dissemination. Some of these vaccines have already been rolled out to immunize not only the highest risk individuals but also the general population in several countries. Once their safety and efficacy are established, the next limiting step would be their mass manufacturing by the pharmaceutical companies to fulfill the global demand. The challenge of manufacturing billions of doses of high-quality vaccines is under-appreciated at the moment. A massive vaccination drive would be needed to protect people of all ages. The timely and coordinated execution of the vaccination effort would require unprecedented coordination at the national and international levels for generating funds to purchase the required doses of vaccines, fair distribution of doses and managing the mechanics of delivering vaccines throughout the world.


Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Piergiacomo Buso ◽  
Stefano Manfredini ◽  
Hamid Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani ◽  
Sabrina Sciabica ◽  
Raissa Buzzi ◽  
...  

Iran has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, consisting of a complex traditional medicine deeply rooted in the history of the territory that goes back to the Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations. The ethnomedical practices that can be identifiable nowadays derive from the experience of local people who have developed remedies against a wide range of diseases handing down the knowledge from generation to generation over the millennia. Traditional medicine practices represent an important source of inspiration in the process of the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies. In this context, it is useful to determine the state of the art of ethnomedical studies, concerning the Iranian territory, and of scientific studies on plants used in traditional Iranian medicine. Data regarding 245 plants used in Iranian ethnomedical practices and scientific studies conducted on 89 plants collected in the Iranian territory have been reported. All of the scientific studies here reported draw inspiration from traditional medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) has repeatedly called for an intensification of the scientific validation processes of traditional medicines intended as an important contribution to public health in various parts of the world. The process of study and validation of Iranian ethnomedical practices appears to be at an early stage.


Author(s):  
Swati Agrawal ◽  
Vrinda Saxena ◽  
Swapnil Jain ◽  
Vijayta Sharva ◽  
Shibani Sarangi ◽  
...  

Oral cancers (OC) represent the majority of head and neck cancers with more than half million patients being affected each year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth commonest cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 4% of all cancers. Therefore, an improvement in the prevention and control of oral cancer is of critical importance. This may be achieved by reducing the risk through avoidance of tobacco and alcohol, recognizing and treating premalignant lesions and detecting developed OC at an early stage. Data search for the present review was done electronically. Electronic search was conducted using databases such as Pubmed and Medline, Cochrane library, articles published in peer-reviewed journals, text books, grey literature and from sites of World Health Organization, Centre For Diseases Control Report, Global Adult Tobacco Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey reports. This review ruled out web of causation and web of prevention including early detection and prevention to be an ideal strategy to reduce the prevalence of oral cancer and its impact on quality of life. Screening and early detection in population at risk have been proposed to decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with the oral cancer.


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